Missing Chart What do CFCs do? CFCs are commonly used as refrigerants, solvents in industrial cleaning applications, and as aerosol propellants. Why are CFCs being replaced? When CFCs work their way up into the stratosphere, UV radiation from the Sun can break the molecule down, and release a chlorine atom. This chlorine atom then interacts with an ozone molecule (ozone is vital to the Earth's system in that it protects the surface from harmful UV rays). This interaction results in the destruction of ozone and the eventual release of the chlorine atom to break apart another ozone. It has been estimated that one chlorine atom can dismantle about 100,000 ozone molecules. Ozone's importance and the direct threat to it by CFCs, are the reasons behind the replacement of the chemicals. One thing to notice from the chart is the extremely high ODP for the Halon compounds. These compunds (as can be seen from their formulas) contain a bromine atom that can destroy more ozone when compared to a chlorine. This occurs because it takes longer for a bromine atom to be taken out of the stratusphere. Halons were used in foam blowing apparatuses for fire-retarding systems, but were phased out along with CFCs. Innovative chemical companies With the advent of the Montreal Protocol and other legislation to reduce the production and use of CFCs, companies have increased research and development of replacement system and/or chemicals. The companies that have produced proven products for cleaning, refrigeration, and propellant use are 3M and Dupont. Their products Dupont is a world renowned company whose major contributions include chemicals. On the order of CFC replacement, Dupont has developed hydrofluo... ... middle of paper ... ...iverging nozzle where it is accelerated to supersonic speeds. The supersonic gas-liquid stream is directed onto components that require cleaning or cleanliness verification. The velocity imparted to the water by the gas flow gives it sufficient momentum at impact to remove contaminants on the surface of the component being cleaned or verified while simultaneously dissolving the contaminant into the water, which can be captured for cleanliness verification. The flow parameters for the gas-liquid nozzle can be set so virtually any gas and liquid can be used for a desired flow and mixing ratio. In addition, the size and number of nozzles are adjustable. This adjustability makes it possible to create sizes ranging from small handheld cleaning nozzles to very large multiple-nozzle configurations. Unfortunately, the cost and maintenance required for such a system is high.
While doing his research Molina learned that these compounds move up to the ozone and stay there. He expected the compounds to be destroy by the solar radiation. However to his surprise he formed that chlorofluorocarbons would simplify into component element when exposed to radiation. This simplify components produce a highly concentration of pure chlorine atoms. From there he already knew that the ozone layer can be destroy with chlorine.
The U.S. has approximately 119,000 companies involved in the environmental technologies and services industry, which is a $782 billion market. Also, firms must offset new or additional emissions with emission reductions by a 5-to-1 ratio. This means any firm who increases their emissions output in one area by one ton must reduce their emissions output in another area by 5 tons (McKee, 1991). Finally, new emissions producing companies will have to start up with state-of-the-art equipment.
Michael P. Broadribb, C. (2006). Institution of Chemical Engineers . Retrieved July 26, 2010, from IChemE: http://cms.icheme.org/mainwebsite/resources/document/lpb192pg003.pdf
When CFC molecules reach the stratosphere, the sun's radiation breaks it apart, freeing the chorine atom to destroy ozone molecules. The effect is a growing ozone hole which forms over Antarctica in October and usually lasts through mid November. During the annual ozone hole, the amount of UV radiation that reaches the Earth can double. Ozone depletion serves as a major health risk for human beings. The three primary health effects of ultraviolet radiation on human health are damage to the skin,eyes, and immune system.
The author reviews the impact of emissions controlled devices, however the focus of the case study is on incremental changes in existing technology. Incremental changes include substituting one or two steps in a production process or relationship changes between production steps. One example of incremental changes provided by the author was eliminating chlorofluorocarbons and saving energy by replacing a refrigeration process with a heat exchanger that can exploit waste cooling from another part of the process. There are three critical decision-making stages for incremental changes: identifying a pollution prevention opportunity, finding a solution appropriate to that opportunity, and implementing that solution. The author discusses the three aspects of an organization (culture, ability to process information, and its politics) and how they impact the decision-making stages.
When people burn fossil fuels to accumulate and produce energy a substance called carbon is produced. Carbon is released into the air in a form known as carbon dioxide. Carbon moves throughout the biosphere on the planet as it is recycled and reused. Carbon exists in the earth’s atmosphere in two common forms which are methane and carbon monoxide. These gases absorb and retain heat in a process known as the greenhouse effect. The Planets natural greenhouse effect makes life possible by regulating our temperature. It turns out that adding too much to the greenhouse effect can have horrible consequences on the environment. Each year, five and a half billion tons of carbon is released by burning fossil fuels and of that three billion tons enters the atmosphere. The remaining carbon usually gets absorbed by the oceans.
This fluid is made up of 32.5% urea in 67.5% de-ionized water. This mixture is then injected into the exhaust stream using an advanced catalyst system. When DEF is released into the exhaust stream the hot exhaust causes the fluid to release ammonia which then breaks down the greenhouse harming gas of NOx into nitrogen and water. This fluid must be refilled at approximately every 10,000 miles (Voelcker).
Willis Haviland Carrier invented the first air conditioner in 1902. This was designed to boost the working process control in a printing plant. Carrier’s invention controlled temperature and humidity. The low heat and humidity helped keep the paper dimensions and ink alignment the same. Later his invention was used to populate productivity in the workplace. The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America developed for the increasing demands. Gradually, air conditioning was used to help increase comfort in homes and cars. Residential sales increased rapidly in the 1950's.
The basic set of reactions that involve this process are: Cl + O3 -->ClO + O2 and ClO + O -->Cl + O2 The net result: O3 + O -->2O2 Chlorine is initially removed in the first equation by the reaction with ozone to form chlorine monoxide. Then it is regenerated through the reaction with monatomic oxygen in the second equation. The net result of the two reactions is the depletion of ozone and atomic oxygen.6 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and methyl bromide are a few of the ozone depletion substances (ODS) that break down ozone under intense ultraviolet light.
Živković, Snežana; Takić, Ljiljana; Živković, Nenad UNAPREĐENJE EKOLOŠKIH PERFORMANSI PRIMENOM STANDARDA ISO 14001 - STUDIJA SLUČAJ.. Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2013, Vol. 19 Issue 4, p541-552. 12p. DOI: 10.2298/CICEQ120513088Z. ,
... temperature of 112 0C also and a pressure 2.5 bar. Cooling water is used to condense the vapor exiting column. Remaining methane and hydrogen are separated in reflux drum where the vapor stream is combined with other gases streams. The overhead of first and second separator are combined to form fuel gas. The liquid stream exiting in the bottoms of the reflux drum is pumped at pressure of 3.3 bar for discharging pressure. The pump stream is separated in two streams. One stream is to feed to tray one of the column and the other one stream is cooled down to 38 0C in heat exchanger. Then, the cooled product stream is sent to storage.
The most destructive human contribution to climate change is fossil fuels combustion, which results in the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Increased carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and halocarbons levels in the atmosphere cause an imbalance in the earth’s energy. This is because the gases alter solar radiation and thermal radiation which regulate the earth’s energy. Research indicates that anthropogenic climate change is the cause of the increased global warming over the last fifty years. 57 % of the carbon dioxide emitted is absorbed into the atmosphere while the rest is absorbed into the oceans. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the most central greenhouse gas that is associated with global warming (Eby, Zickfield, Montenegro, Archer, Meissner, & Weaver,
society today. The CFC cans used to be a serious problem to the ozone layer,
...rbon dioxide, hazardous chemicals, and other pollutants, which can put a hole in the ozone. Also, the usage of some mineral resources can also pollute the air; burning any kind of fuel fossils releases dangerous elements into the air, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. All of these kinds of pollution which are caused by the increase of technology, can lead to global environmental problems.
For the previous 200 years, the industrial revolution’s discovery of fossil fuels reigned supreme. (Benefits of Recycling, History of Alternative Energy) Newly developed factories continued their steady streams of production and our society started becoming larger consumers. To meet the increasing demand, more product had to be made, and this resulted in more waste being emitted into the atmosphere. These gases built up until they caused the ozone layer to thicken to the point where it started trapping the h...