ABSTRACT
These days Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques has become a necessary issue as they help planners and decision makers to create effective and proprer decisions and designs. Remote Sensing is to look at the Earth’s surface with sensors high on top of Earth’s surface. Remote Sensing is mostly of 2 varieties Active Remote Sensing and Passive Remote Sensing. Infrared ,Microwave and Satellite Remote Sensing systems are some of the examples of Remote Sensing systems. Remote Sensing conjointly helps to assign completely different colours to different
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Reflected sunlight is the commonest source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensing are film photography, infrared, and radiometers.
Active remote sensing :- on the other hand, emits energy so as to scan objects and areas. Where as a sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target. RADAR is one of the example of active remote sensing system where the time delay between the emission and return is measured, setting up the location, height, speeds and associated direction of an object.
The following diagram represents the Active Remote Sensing and Passive Remote
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Interaction with the Target (C) - Once the energy makes its way through the atmosphere, it interacts with target depending on the properties of both the target and the radiation.
Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) - After the energy has been scattered, or emitted from the target, then a sensor is required to collect and record the electromagnetic radiation.
Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E) – Then the energy recorded by the sensor is transmitted generally in electric form to the receiving station and to the processing station where the data is processed.
Interpretation and Analysis (F) – Then the processed image is interpreted visually or digitally or electronically to extract information about the target . Application (G) – The final element of remote sensing is achieved when the extracted information is applied to understand or reveal some new information or is assist in solving some problem.
All these 7 elements combine makes the structure of the Remote Sensing System and helps to lead out the process of Remote Sensing.
Types of Remote Sensing
... our daily life and has lot of consequences. For example, we know that black surfaces absorb more thermal energy and reflect less thermal energy. Similarly, the shiny surfaces absorb less energy and reflect more energy. This is the main reason that a black car parked in the sun will heat more as compare to the white car. The process of radiation is also used in the field of medicine. Thermography is an interesting use of the radiation in the medicine. Thermograph is a scan of the picture of the body and is a photograph according to the intensity of the radiation at different places. Since diseased parts are usually more hot so thermograph shows prominent white and red spots which helps the doctors to diagnose the disease.
...l estate industry. From the decision to lend money for the construction of a new skyscraper in Chicago, to the choice between the corners of a highway intersection for a new gas station, GIS plays a crucial role in allowing the key participants to make more informed decisions. Judging from the incorporation of GIS applications by today’s real estate companies, the importance of this tool will only continue to expand.
...regarded GPS – an indispensable part of GIS. Discussions on cartographic principles, commercial GIS software programs, satellite images, aerial photos, and geodatabases are some of the other conspicuous omissions in this book. There is an inconsistency in the depth of topics explored; for example map projections are explored in great depth, while vector topology is merely glossed over. These omissions and inconsistencies would in my opinion make this book marginally less beneficial to all the three audiences together. However, there is something for all them; structure for engineers, equations for engineers and students, and GIS concepts for students, engineers and users. This book will therefore be undeniably valuable if used to complement the material in some of the other fundamental GIS books in the discipline. It has merits, but there is room for improvement.
Geographers plan new communities, decide where new highways should be placed, and establish evacuation plans. Computerized mapping and data analysis is known as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a new frontier in geography. Spatial data is gathered on a variety of subjects and input onto a computer. GIS users can create an infinite number of maps by requesting portions of the data to plot.
Radiation is when the heat energy travels in actual waves. The suns energy gets to earth because of radiation. These three types of heat transfer can be easily found in the activities we have been doing the past couple of weeks having to do with a universal dwelling. They can mostly be seen when we are trying to test the heating and cooling capabilities of our universal home model.
GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on the base map. The information that is stored in the database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings, etc. each of these items don’t just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the sewer line would be represented graphically, with a line connecting the two points or something of the like. When one retrieves the information for that line in particular, the attribute data would be shown. This data would include the size of pipe, the pipe material, the upper invert elevation, the downstream invert elevation, the date installed, and any problem history associated with that line. This is the very gist of what a GIS system is.
A Sensor acquires a physical quantity and converts it into a signal suitable for processing e.g. Optical, Electrical, Mechanical. In today’s world, the words “Sensor” and “Transducer” are used in abundance especially in the description of measurement systems. The word “Sensor” is derived from entire meaning ‘to perceive’ and “Transducer”
2. Photometer; after the chosen range of wavelength of light passes through the solution of a sample in cuvette, the photometer detects the amount of photons that is absorbed and then sends a
There are three components that made up a biosensor- bioreceptor, bio transducer and electronic system.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is a type of spectroscopy that involves the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is one of the most important analytical methods widely used. It is a method that is used to measure how much infrared radiation is absorbed by sample materials. Different functional groups absorb this radiation at specific wavelengths. The functional groups can be determined by studying the absorbance patterns of a compound. Infrared region is between the visible region and the micro waves of the electromagnetic spectrum. It consists of longer wavelengths and lower frequency. Most common example of infrared is the thermal radiation emitted by matter near room temperature. The most common technique involving infrared is absorption spectroscopy. Chemicals can be identified and studied with this. The most common instrument used is called Fourier transf...
Radioactivity is the energy or particles that are released from the nucleus of an atom due to spontaneous changes. Some atoms are unstable, and emitting radiation will achieve a stable state. The main forms of radiation emissions from a decaying and unstable nucleus can be in the form of alpha, beta or gamma radiation. When a positively-charged particle is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, this is called alpha decay. This alpha particle would consist of two protons and two neutrons, similar to a helium-4 nucleus. Whereas when a particle, either as an electron with either negative or positive charge, is emitted from the nucleus, this would be known as beta decay. And finally, when a nucleus is at a high energy state, photons known as gamma particles would be released to lower the energy state. Worldwide, people have found the use of radioactivity for society, from scientific applications to medical uses and to industrial uses. However, there are many positive and negative effects of using radioactivity.
...e sun, this is of a longer wavelength and is absorbed by the atmosphere. The Earths atmosphere, thus acts like the glass of a green house, hence the 'greenhouse effect'.
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. If there were no greenhouse gasses, very few rays
Photogrammetry has been defined by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through process of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena. Even though photogrammetry has expanded to include analysis of the other records, photographs are still the principal source of information.
Spectroscopy can help identify elements and compounds and elucidate the atomic and molecular structure by measuring the radiant energy absorbed or emitted by a substance at characteristic wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum on excitation by an external energy source. UV-Vis Spectroscopy is a technique useful for identification of organic and inorganic species and can be used for identification (qualitiative ana...