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Research paper on ptsd
Research paper on ptsd
Causes and consequences of ptsd
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Reliving the Nightmare: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After the terrorist attacks on September 11th, horrific images of the towers collapsing, survivors fleeing, and the rescue and recovery efforts inundated television viewers. In the weeks following the attacks, numerous news accounts reported increasing general anxiety among Americans, with many individuals reporting sleep difficulties and trouble concentrating. Additionally, much attention focused on the effects on those who directly witnessed and/or were injured the attacks, and whether they would suffer from post traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD (4). I will give a brief overview of the definition of PTSD, the neurobiology behind it, and what environmental factors may put certain people at heightened risk for developing the disorder. Post traumatic stress-disorder is an anxiety disorder which results from exposure to an event which threatens the physical safety of an individual (1). PTSD originated as a mental illness category after the Vietnam War, when veterans exhibited sets of symptoms that did not fit into any current illness categories. However, in previous wars soldiers had complained of "shell shock" or "combat fatigue," which researchers now believe were essentially the same conditions as PTSD (2). As many as thirty percent of Vietnam veterans and eight percent of Persian Gulf War veterans exhibited symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (1). Today the definition of PTSD has broadened to include not just those in combat, but people who have experienced any man-made or natural disasters, accidents, violent crime such as rape, and abuse. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, depression, anxiety, sleep problems, emotional detachment, ... ... middle of paper ... ...ic events, as well as the co-occurrence of PTSD with other mental illnesses. WWW Sources 1)National Institute of Mental Health information sheet on PTSD. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/reliving.cfm 2)About.com website , On PTSD, with definitions and links to other web resources. http://mentalhealth.about.com/cs/traumaptsd/a/trauma.htm 3) Surgeon General's Report: "Mental Health- Culture, Race, Ethnicity" . A supplement to "Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General 1999." http://www.mentalhealth.org/cre/default.asp 4) Scientific American . Article on September 11th and PTSD. http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm 5) Cal State-Chico website on serotonin. http://www.csuchico.edu/psy/BioPsych/serotonin.htm 6)Anxiety Disorders Treatment Target: Amygdala Circuitry" from the ADAA 18th annual meeting. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/events/pranxst.htm
MacMillan, Ken. “Sovereignty “More Plainly Described”: Early English Maps of North America, 1580-1625.” Journal of British Studies 42, no. 4 (2003). Accessed 2 November 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/376461.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), originally associated with combat, has always been around in some shape or form but it was not until 1980 that it was named Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and became an accredited diagnosis (Rothschild). The fact is PTSD is one of many names for an old problem; that war has always had a severe psychological impact on people in immediate and lasting ways. PTSD has a history that is as long and significant as the world’s war history - thousands of years. Although, the diagnosis has not been around for that long, different names and symptoms of PTSD always have been. Some physical symptoms include increased blood pressure, excessive heart rate, rapid breathing, muscle tension, nausea, diarrhea, problems with vision, speech, walking disorders, convulsive vomiting, cardiac palpitations, twitching or spasms, weakness and severe muscular cramps. The individual may also suffer from psychological symptoms, such as violent nightmares, flashbacks, melancholy, disturbed sleep or insomnia, loss of appetite, and anxieties when certain things remind them such as the anniversary date of the event (Peterson, 2009).
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that develops after exposure to an event that is perceived to be life threatening or pose serious bodily injury to self or others (Sherin & Nemeroff, 2011). According
PTSD is defined as mental health disorder triggered by a terrifying event (Mayoclinic). This ordeal could be the result of some sort of physical harm or threat to the individual, family members, friends or even strangers. (NIMH) While PTSD is typically associated with someone who has served in the military, it can affect more than just that genre of individuals. It could affect rape victims, victims in a terrorist or natural disaster incident, nurses, doctors, and police and fire personnel and bystanders. PTSD can manifest itself in many forms. The primary signs and symptoms of PTSD include but are not limited to re-experiencing symptoms (flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening thoughts), avoidance of places, situations, or events that may cause those memories to resurface, and hyperarousal symptoms (easily startled, feeling tense or on edge) (NIMH). Other symptoms may include not having positive or loving feelings toward other people, staying away from relationships, may forget about parts of the traumatic event or not be able to talk about them, may think the world is completely dangerous, and no one can be trusted.
What is post-traumatic stress disorder? Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is a disorder that is characterized by the repeated experiencing or “reliving” of a traumatic event. With this disorder, the sufferer will also experience extreme emotional, mental, and physical distress. Recurrent nightmares, memories of the event, and vivid flashbacks are very likely too. (Wagman 915). PTSD wasn’t recognized as an illness until the 1980s, but it has been around as long as men have been killing one another (McGirk). Before PTSD was given its official name, many different names floated around within the whole entire world. In 1678, Swiss soldiers identified the disorder as nostalgia while German soldie...
PTSD is a debilitating mental illness that occurs when someone is exposed to a traumatic, dangerous, frightening, or a possibly life-threating occurrence. “It is an anxiety disorder that can interfere with your relationships, your work, and your social life.” (Muscari, pp. 3-7) Trauma affects everyone in different ways. Everyone feels wide ranges of emotions after going through or witnessing a traumatic event, fear, sadness and depression, it can cause changes in your everyday life as in your sleep and eating patterns. Some people experience reoccurring thoughts and nightmares about the event.
Rosen’s study, focused on the root cause of PTSD, showed that stress (major anxiety or nightmares) shown by soldiers before sent into deployment lessened or deliquesced in 13% of soldiers (Herbert 2). Additionally, those that did develop severe PTSD had suffered emotional problems prior to deploy-ment—especially child-hood abuse or exposure to violence.
The Byzantine Empire between the 11th and 12th century was a country that was diverse religiously, socially, and culturally. What we now call Byzantium was just an extension of the ancient Roman Empire. The Byzantines or Eastern half was since the time of Augustus the more prosperous and culturally rich part of the empire. The Roman Emperor Constantine had in 330 A.D founded and named after himself a new capital called Constantinople, for the next 1000 years Constantinople would become the center piece of a Greek Empire that would rival the Romans in wealth and power. While the empire had its share of ups and downs historians agree that the empire was a social and military powerhouse and contributed many things to modern society. Although the empire had once covered vast areas from the Crimea Peninsula on the Black Sea to Spain, during the 11th century the empire was on a slow decline, the disastrous Battle of Manzikert at the hands of the Seljuk Sultanate had occurred in 1071 and had left the empire in a dangerous position and suddenly that slow decay that had been taking place for centuries took a turn for the worse and almost brought ruin to the ancient empire. The Byzantines fortunes however changed when a young General by the name of Alexios Komnenos came to power in 1081. Emperor Alexios helped to revive the stagnant empire and brought not only glory for its armies but also fueled a national renaissance that would eventually lead to the European renaissance centuries later.
Sheth, Jagdish and A. Parvatiyar (2000), “Relationship Marketing in Consumer Markets: Antecedents and Consequences,” in Handbook of Relationship Marketing, Jagdish Sheth and A. Parvatiyar, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
“PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes.” (NIMH)
The mental illness most commonly associated with war veterans is post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event. Events that may trigger PTSD include: violent personal assault, accidents, natural disasters, and military combat (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Adults). An individual experiencing PTSD shows symptoms of having flash-backs and frightening thoughts, avoiding places linked to the event, emotional numbness, strong guilt, difficulty sleeping, and being easily startled (PTSD). The widespread implication of these symptoms shows that having this disorder makes living a normal life and participating in everyday social situations a difficult task. The wars
Etzel, Michael J., Stanton, Bruce J., Stanton, William J. (2004). Marketing. (13th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Carpenter, Deborah, and Christopher Ferguson. "Dealing with Bullies." Direct Bullying Versus Indirect Bullying. Netplaces, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2013.
In all reality, all businesses will, in some way shape or form, complete all of the marketing activities, even if completing these activities is not their main goal. (Dlabay 2006.) These marketing activities are product, place, price, and promotion. A business tool called that marketing mix takes all of these activities and puts them together in a way that can be used to help improve a business’s marketing strategy. Product is what the company is selling; Place is where the consumer will obtain this product; Price is what the consumer will pay for the product; Promotion is any type of communication that is intended to remind, inform, or persuade. (Dlabay 2006.) The marketing mix and the four P’s describe very well what business marketing is all about.
As a result of the above they were giving less importance to customer satisfaction and customer relationship building. This form of strategy conformed to short term business motives. In a globalised and highly competitive world, modern marketing is about concentrating ...