Relationship between Sustainable Tourism Planning and Agencies

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A key focus of this paper is focusing on the relationship between sustainable tourism planning and agencies suchasMTENR/ZAWA/NHCC/ZEMA. Under Zambian laws, consents are issued by multiple central governmental departments, regional and local authorities and communities depending on the scope of the consent sought. Consents would be required for all tourism developments mentioned in the previous above section12. However, ascertaining accurate data on tourism-related resource consent applications is highly problematic. While many respondents were able to give precise numbers in relation to resource consent applications and refusals, a significant 13 respondents were not able to provide the data. The main reason given for this is that tourism is not always isolated as a key variable in the database recording process for tourism enterprise concession consents applications. Some developments are not primarily designed for tourism purposes but may produce a tourism spin-off, e.g. development of a winery. In other cases, databases are not set up to be readily searched, data is not inputted into system as ‘tourism’, but as ‘commercial activity’ and in several cases, the detail of activity or data is not even kept. This seems to indicate an inherent problem in the data management of tourism enterprise concession consent applications with regard to tourism, and a technical inability to retrieve useful information that can inform tourism planning at local, regional and national strategic levels. Acknowledging the limitations of the data, the following results give a broad indication of the workings of the ZAWA process in relation to tourism development within local communities/ councils. Twenty four respondents representing 56% had dealt with tourism enterprise concession consent applications since 2010. The highest number of applications dealt with by one authority was 40. Ten authorities had dealt with between 1 and 10 applications, six between 11 and 20 applications, five between 21 and 30 applications, and three had dealt with 31 or more applications. While the largest number of applications were dealt with by District Councils, participants in the process held the view that all of these tourism programmes are developed by a monoactor form of centralised administration, generally overlooking the knowledge, skills and goals of local tourism organisations, both public and private, 50% of the CBNRM accounted for 37% of tourism enterprise concession which still needed ZAWA approval, indicating a substantial number of applications within a small number of local communities taking the led role in resource management. Some 76% of

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