Crohn’s disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that alters the gastrointestinal tract causing inflammation of the bowel that affects many Americans, with the number of diagnoses rising constantly. Orthodontic braces, worn by millions of Americans, are a type of dental treatment designed to straighten and align teeth for not only a beautiful smile but for a healthy mouth and jaw. A common link between CD and the application of braces are the occasional flare-up of canker sores. The scraping of braces against the skin in the mouth may cause irritation, resulting in the formation of canker sores. Additionally, the appearance of oral lesions, or canker sores, is often an indicative side effect of CD, as well as other factors, such as stomach irritation. The goal of the research is to discover a potential link between the application of braces and the coinciding cankers that form to find a common connection with the development of CD. The hypothesis is that the canker sores that develop due to the application of braces are related to a shift in the oral microbiota, and this shift is thought to contribute to the development of CD.
Experiment 1: Find a connection between braces and canker sores by testing the microbiota using HOMIM.
Based on aim 1 of the experiment, the goal is to find a connection between braces and canker sores by testing the microbiota. For this test, participants will have the oral microbiota profiled based on those with braces and those that do not have braces, with a special focus on canker sore formation. Each of the participants will have an oral examination completed before the experiment is performed and again after its conclusion, to detect any differences that could occur with canker sores. This test will se...
... middle of paper ...
...alth issues may arise due to braces. There are currently different types of braces available, such as traditional metal braces, ceramic braces, and removable braces, such as Invisalign. Due to the dependability of metal braces in all type of orthodontic treatment, traditional metal braces are most commonly used. However, there may be hope of developing braces that are coated in a different material, such as plastic, that may not alter the change in microbiota as much, therefore requiring further testing to determine the best and most accurate results. The goal of the study is to not only find a potential factor in the development of CD, but to also see if there is a possibility that braces affect the microbiota enough to cause the formation of a disease. If this is the case, then the hope is that new and safer braces can be developed for the best patient results.
Retraction or back-siphonage of oral fluids into DUWLs during dental instrument use can expand the range of microorganisms present both in DUWL biofilm and output water. This increases the possibil¬ity of transmission of more pathogenic human-derived microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus to staff and patients. (29)
However, on the a recent visit dated 23/12/13 the patient’s gingival condition had deteriorated, presenting with an increased plaque scores of 34% and bleeding scores to 63%. Intra oral examination also showed generalised oedema and erythema throughout in the mouth in response to this increase in plaque bacteria. The presence of supra-gingival calculus on lower anterior teeth and both sites of upper buccal molars and the patients BPE now reads 212 /121, putting the patients caries risk at a ‘High’ status.
Candida albicans is a harmless commensal yeast which becomes pathogenic when environmental changes trigger the virulence factors of the organism. Hence Candida species are opportunistic pathogens in susceptible individuals. Oral infection caused by C. albicans known as oral candidiasis or candidosis. However, C. albicans exist in the mouths of 80% of healthy individuals. Any alteration in the environment of oral cavity can change the presence of candida from commensal to pathogenic. This translation in the status of candida is due to many predisposing factors. In the past, oral candidiasis was thought to affect mainly elderly and very young population. Recently, the incidence of oral candidiasis increased greatly with the intensification of HIV infection and immunosuppressive chemotherapy (1, 2). Oral candidiasis colonize 5% to 7% of newborn less than one month old. The infection also estimated to affect 9% to 31% of AIDS patients and nearly 20% of cancer patients (3). This review discuss the possible causes, the types of oral candidiasis, treatment and management strategies.
Saliva contains glucose; therefore, if you have uncontrolled diabetes, the amount of glucose present in your saliva is elevated. We naturally have somewhere between 200 to 300 bacterial species in our mouths: Some of these bacteria are good and some of them are bad. Streptococcus mutans is typically the bacterium responsible for causing tooth decay; whereas, periodontal disease is usually caused by a mixture of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola.
Oral hygiene is critically important when it comes to the overall health of an individual. Not only is the mouth and teeth inside used for speaking, chewing, and swallowing, but insufficient oral hygiene can lead to an influx of bacteria in the mouth, which increases the risk of malnutrition, stroke, diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory infections like influenza or pneumonia (Compton & Kline, 2015, p.12). With this is mind, the importance of performing oral hygiene on dependent people in old age is apparent. Unfortunately, there are countless barriers that hinder achieving this goal in residential care, such as a lack of appropriate assessment tools for oral
Over time as individuals age and are faced with access to care issues they may begin to neglect their oral health. As time passes between dental hygiene cleanings or dentist visits the presence of oral disease may begin to increase.
The bacteria that live in biofilms are difficult to treat for many reasons. Oral biofilms are varied and complex and each has its own individual micro-ecology. This micro-ecology changes as it matures and during the maturation process the density of microbes increases. The mature biofilm becomes more difficult to treat because the maturation process provides protection against
“In 2007, the nation spent $98.6 billion on dental services, yet many children and adults went without the services they need to prevent and control oral disease. We have interventions that can not only prevent disease but also save money” (CDC 34). Oral health for the general public, especially the underserved, has been consistently overlooked. Low-income families and developing countries, who are the most vulnerable to oral problems, are the population that is the most ignored. Five and a half percent of people, in 2007, either could not receive dental care or were putting it off. The main cause of this is money. Many insurances are not accepted by dental clinics because of the high costs of dental exams (Institute of Medicine. 38, 88). If this is not the case, why are these people delaying in protecting their oral health? What most people do not know is that oral health affects overall health. This realization began in 1944 with the Public Health Service Act; it was asking for a movement protecting oral health as it was linked to overall health (Imes par. 4). More research is coming out on this subject, but already bacteria from periodontal disease has been found in the brain, lungs, and heart (Institute of Medicine. 33). With oral health being increasingly important and low-income families and countries being underserved, the government has started to initiate programs to improve oral health geared towards the underprivileged. The water fluoridation and school-based dental sealants are two successful programs started by the government (“Oral health.” CDC par. 41). These programs however do not reach enough people, especially the people who are part of the underserved. With oral health as important as it is, more...
7. Aziz RD, Gonzalez NAG, Kasim NHA. Microleakage Testing. Annals of Dentistry 1997; 4(1): 31-37.
Tooth brushing techniques causing gingival trauma are a significant factor for gingival recession. The frequency, duration and force of brushing all contribute to recession. Excessive force and improper technique may lead to ...
Diabetes mellitus affects an estimated 20 million Americans, about 35 to 40 % of whom have not received a diagnosis. More than 9 % of the adult population has diabetes, and both the incidence and prevalence are increasing every year.” (Mealey, 2006, page 1) This is a scary statement. These numbers include our parents, aunts, uncles, sisters and brothers. We need to be aware that this is a real threat. Many of these individuals most likely have some type of periodontal issues as well, particularly if the diabetes is uncontrolled or not yet diagnosed. The health of the mouth can play a significant role in the overall health of the body.
Cappelli, D. P., & Mobley, C. C. (2008). Prevention in clinical oral health care. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier.
Petersen, P. E. (2009). Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century–implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 37(1), 1-8.
Dental plaque is the combination of bacteria embedded in a matrix of salivary proteins and bacterial products superimposed on the acquired pellicle (Berkovitz, et al., 2011). It is an example of a biofilm, a term used to describe relatively undefinable microbial community associated with a tooth surface or any other hard, non-shedding material (Reddy, 2008). Plaque can also be described as
The human microbiome is the collective ensemble of a wide diversity and density of living micro organisms found both in and on the human body (i.e. the collective genome of the human microbiota). Its relevance has become so important as of late that is has taken its place at the top of 21st century scientific discoveries. (Ash 2014) It consists of mostly bacteria but also includes some archaea, fungi, viruses and protozoa. The main microbiome communities active in the body reside on and in deep layers of skin, the oral cavity,the nasal cavity, the urogenital tract and in the gastrointestinal tracts. (Blaser 2010)