Modeling the thermal and mechanical properties of multilayer refractory linings
Literature review
Background:
A refractory material is the type of materials that maintain its strength at high temperatures. ASTM C71 definition for refractories is "...non-metallic materials which own chemical and physical properties that causes them to be applicable for structures, or as a part of the systems that are exposed to heat above 1,000 °F (811 K; 538 °C). (ASTM Volume 15.01)
This kind of materials can be used in for incinerators, furnaces, reactors, and kilns. They are also are very applicable to be used in making molds and crucibles for metals and casting glass and for lining the systems of flame deflector for rocket launch structures. Today, the
…show more content…
The oxides of silicon (silica), aluminum (alumina) and magnesium (magnesia) are the most important materials that usually used in the manufacturing of refractories. Another oxide usually found in refractories is the calcium oxide (lime). Fire clays are also widely used in the manufacture of refractories. (Groover, Mikell P., …show more content…
M. Zubashchenko1 and I. N. Kuzin1 in (2005), studying engineering thermal properties of multilayer linings through curtailing the consumption part of the heat balance of a particular furnace or a heat-powered unit in order to minimize the consumption to extend its lifespan The modular high-temperature heat-insulating lightweight materials ( MHTLWM) is a set of space-oriented multilayer refractory heat-insulating materials which is assembled into a module and aimed to solve a multifunctional engineering task in the heat-powered unit. The development of a lining for a MHTLWM-based furnace and heat-powered units is a challenging task which involves a compromise between the requirements not infrequently contradictory, placed on the refractories’
We use metals to construct all kinds of structures, from bridges to skyscrapers to elevators. The strength as well as durability of materials that are crafted out of metal make the materials ideal not only for construction but also for many other applications.
Other materials used for the Canadarm are aramid fibers [1] such as Kevlar [7]. This aerospace material is also used in bulletproof vests [12]. These aramid fibers are fibers in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along the fiber axis, so the strength of the chemical bond can be exploited [1]. Kevlar is also flame resistant [12] which bolds well in space due to the extreme heat from the solar winds. Kapton is another one of the materials used by spacecrafts. This material has the ability to sustain itself and be stable in many different temperatures such as -269 to 400 °C. Since Space is a vacuum the temperature is intense, therefore this material is well suited for counter...
It is used in the production of dyes, fertilizers, and chlorides as well as in electroplating and in the photographic, textile and rubber industries.
Ceramics are most commonly used in dental applications as restorative materials for crowns, cements and dentures.
"Production of Refractory Metal Powders," in Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, vol. 7, 1998, pp. 188-201.
Studies have shown that big changes in temperature do not affect the capability of insulation. In one experiment, materials were set to a high heat of 300 degrees Celsius. After six months in this environment, the substances were cooled to room temperature. The dielectric constant showing the level of insulation had not changed ("Teflon PTFE fluoropolymer resin" 28).
Over the course of five weeks we’ve had to write three essays (four if you include this one). With every essay I’ve written I have improved my writing process. Having the chance to practice my writing skills in English 102 has made me a better all-around writer. From the beginning of this course, I knew I had a few major issues that I needed to overcome to improve my writing. The biggest being my issues with punctuation, specifically comma splices. Comma splices are something that I just can’t seem to wrap my head around. Although I have gotten better at recognizing comma splices they still seem to sneak in to my writing.
Latent heat thermal storage is an alternative to the sensible heat system. This system operates by making use of the ability of the material to store energy through its ability to phase change from solid to liquid or liquid to solid. (Sharma, Tyagi, Chen, & Buddhi, 2009). The process relies on the chemical properties of the chosen material where heat is absorbed or release as the material undergoes a phase change from solid to liquid or vice versa. (Sharma, Tyagi, Chen, & Buddhi, 2009). The process starts when the temperature reaches the required temperature-phase change temperature- and stays constant until the whole process change is finished. Most of the latent heat thermal storage systems are currently based on solid to liquid transition.
English has never been my best subject. Reading books can be exciting, but the writing aspect of English can be dreadful. Somehow, however, I passed all my advanced English classes with at least a B, and my teachers always considered me to be “above average.” My impartiality toward English shifted to an indifference near the end of my high school career; my indifference then shifted to appreciation. This appreciation is attributed to American Studies and Honors Writing, the most difficult English classes at Belleville East Township High School. American Studies and Honors Writing have strengthened my writing skills beyond what I believed possible. I still do not believe that I am the best writer, and English may never be my best or favorite
BIBLIOGRAPHY Advantages to Aluminum. http://www.kaiserextrusion.com/advantage.html. November 28, 2000. Aluminum Facts. http://www.epa.gov/seahome/housewaste/src/alum.htm. November,28 2000. Bowman, Kenneth A. World Book Encyclopedia. "Aluminum." Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1992. Cobb, Cathy. Creations of Fire. New York: Plenum Press, 1995 Geary, Don. The Welder's Bible. Pensilvania: Tab Books, 1993. Knapp PhD, Brian. Aluminum. Connecticut: Grolier, 1996. Newmark, Dr. Ann. Chemistry. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1993. Walker, John R. Modern Metalworking. Illinois: The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 1985.
Over the course of the semester, I feel that I have grown as a writer in many ways. When I came into the class, there were skills I had that I already excelled at. During my time in class, I have come to improve on those skills even more. Before I took this class I didn’t even realise what I was good at. This is the first class where I felt I received feedback on my writing that helped me to actually review my work in see what areas I lacked in and where I succeeded. Some of the skills I had shocked me as I didn’t think I had those capabilities in me.
An example of one of the most common world applications where composites play a big role is bridges. A good number of bridges are held my concrete columns. The composites to fulfill this type of application are being alternated to help increase its ductility. The number of plate boding to involve thin composite laminates helps strengthen the concrete and many of the steel members for bridges. A bridge that was one of the first opened to car activity with the usage of composites was in Kansa City in 1996. This bridge was composited by honeycomb cells which were structural sandwiched. This allowed composites to be used among other bridges across the nation [2].
Recrystallization is a technique used to purify solids that contains small amounts of impurities. It is used to isolate pure solids from a supersaturated solution leaving the impurities in the solvent (1). The solid containing the impurities is placed in a hot solvent and upon cooling the compound precipitates to its purified form while the impurities are left behind in the solvent (1). There are six steps when it comes to undergoing a recrystallization of a solid. The first step is choosing a suitable recrystallization solvent. This step is crucial when it comes to executing a successful recrystallization experiment. Solubility comes into play
Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli [8] that provide architects with more opportunity to design that are environmentally sustainable. According to early definitions, smart materials are materials that could respond to their environments in a timely manner [9]. With a look to characteristics of smart materials, we discover that they directly focus on their actuation events and the ability of prognosis, immediate response to the environmental conditions. The external stimuli, Light, Temperature, Pressure, Electric field, Magnetic field and Chemical environment [2] on smart materials cause different effect on smart materials. Addington and Schodek say “The behaviour of a material is dependent upon its interaction with an energy stimulus” [1]. Smart materials according their response to external stimuli classify to three groups: Property change, Energy exchange and Shape memory alloy [9]. Smart materials are often described as adaptive or intelligent materials [2]. Because of this adaptivity, also increases the option space for saving energy while at the same time supporting favourable comfort conditions [10]. With the aim of developing and encouraging appropriate energy policies for the future, it is required to gain an understanding of professional views in all countries, as well as those with extensive fossil fuel reserves [11]. Smart Materials are a particular type of materials that have recently received considerable attention in the international construction industry because they suggest the feasibility of preparing clean energy sources for buildings in aesthetically and architecturally fascinating ways
used to make products such as plastic lumber, toys, containers, carpet, fiber fill for jackets