~ Introduction ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Reduction and Oxidation (RedOx) reactions are known to be one of the most confusing lessons in Consumer Chemistry. This involves balancing equations in different sets of chemical equation. But before this, you need to master the concepts of Polyatomic Ions and Oxidation Numbers of the elements because in Red-Ox, you will need these skills to get the Net Ionic Equation we are looking for. Learning this topic can be an easy one if you carefully analyze the equation given. Guidelines or steps will be given for a better comprehension. Step by step, it will be defined to easily follow it and master. This module will help you learn more easily and know the other things you need to know about RedOx. The main purpose o this mini module is to give clearer answer
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They occur as single and double replacement reactions. Single Replacement - A single replacement reaction "replaces" an element in the reactants with another element in the products.
Equation: A + BC AB + CA Double Replacement - A double replacement reaction is similar to a single replacement reaction, but involves "replacing" two elements in the reactants with two in the products.
Equation: AB + CD AD + CB Combustion – Combustion reactions always involve oxygen and organic fuels to release energy.
Equation:
C_(x ) H_y+O_2 →CO_2+H_2 O Disproportionation - In some Red-Ox reactions, substances can be both oxidized and reduced. One atom, molecule or element are present on both reactant and product side.
Equation: 2A → A' + A"
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Steps on How to Balance The Red-Ox Equation ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Example:
Mn-8O42+ + Io → I22+ + Mno How:
Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers.
Step 2: Determine the Reduction and Oxidation pair.
Mn-8O42+ + Io → I22+ + Mno
Step 3: Separate the Reduction and Oxidation
In the lab, Inhibiting the Action of Catechol Oxidase we had to investigate what type of enzyme inhibition occurs when an inhibitor is added. Catechol oxidase is an enzyme in plants that creates benzoquinone.Benzoquinone is a substance that is toxic to bacteria. It is brown and is the reason fruit turns brown. Now, there are two types of inhibitors, the competitive inhibitor and non-competitive inhibitor. For an enzyme reaction to occur a substrate has to bind or fit into the active site of the enzyme. In competitive inhibition there is a substrate and an inhibitor present, both compete to bind to the active site. If the competitive inhibitor binds to the active site it stops the reaction. A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to another region
Table 6 shows the results of the biochemical tests. The isolate can obtain its energy by means of aerobic respiration but not fermentation. In the Oxidation-Fermentation test, a yellow color change was produced only under both aerobic conditions, indicating that the EI can oxidize glucose to produce acidic products. In addition to glucose, the EI can also utilize lactose and sucrose, and this deduction is based on the fact that the color of the test medium broth changed to yellow in all three Phenol Red Broth tests. These results are further supported by the results of the Triple Sugar Iron Agar test. Although the EI does perform fermentation of these three carbohydrates, it appears that this bacterium cannot perform mixed acid fermentation nor 2,3-butanediol fermentation due to the lack of color change in Methyl Red and Vogues-Proskauer
The purpose of this experiment was to examine how the stoichiometry, “the quantitative relationships between substances involved in a chemical reaction”, can be applied to determine the quantity of sodium hypochlorite found in a bleach product. This experiment allowed it to determine how much oxidizing agent is in a cleaner by using a redox reaction, which is a reaction involving the transfer of electrons from the compound being oxidized to the compound being reduced. To determine the amount of oxidizing agent, it is necessary to accurately measure out known amounts of redox reactants, know the stoichiometry
The purpose of this experiment was to see if phenylthiourea (PTU) is a non-competitive or competitive inhibitor. Catechol, a phenolic compound found in the potato extract used will play the part of the substrate. Competitive inhibitors are known to bind to the active site of an enzyme and mimic the job of a substrate. This in turn causes the substrate to compete for a position at the active site and increase the concentration of substrate but the inhibitor is still at a constant level. If PTU were a competitive inhibitor the test tube carrying the extract would turn dark brown. Non- competitive inhibitors are known to bind on the enzyme and prevent the substrate from attaching
The purpose of this lab was to to cycle solid copper through a series of chemical forms and return it to its original form. A specific quantity of copper undergo many types of reactions and went through its whole cycle, then returned to its solid copper to be weighted. We observed 5 chemical reactions involving copper which are: Redox reaction (which includes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed), double displacement reaction, precipitation reaction, decomposition reaction, and single displacement reaction.
Materials used in the experiment included 5-7 g of the potato tissue, 50ml of 2.0M phosphate buffer coffee filter and guaiacol dye.
Use your knowledge about the four signs of a chemical reaction to identify the chemical change in the following examples. What sign is observed and what is the new substance formed? Choose one of the examples below. The sign(s) of a chemical reaction should be identified along with the new substances formed if possible. Use the Internet to do further research if necessary. A water purification plant needs to remove an excess of lead and mercury from a stream of water before it can be sent into the city reservoir. The addition of ground up clam and mussel shells (calcium carbonate) to the water results in a black solid (lead or mercury carbonate) being formed in the water that can be filtered and removed from the liquid.
In this experiment the enzyme peroxidase and the substrate hydrogen peroxide were not mixed initially, instead they were both placed in separate tubes and were incubated at a specific temperature, to prevent hydrogen peroxide from undergoing any reaction with peroxidase until they both acquire the required temperature.
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
Oxidation-reduction reactions can be used to stereochemically control and produce many different organic molecules. The oxidation step in this process increases the number of carbon oxygen bonds by losing a hydrogen and breaking that bond. Through the reduction step, carbon-oxygen bond is broken and the hydrogen is returned.
Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes organic and inorganic compounds by free radicals (OH•, O•-2).O•-2 is produced in large no by ionization of weakly acidic aqueous hydrogen peroxide while OH• is produced by ionization of buffered hydrogen peroxide at ph 9.5-10.8.But OH• has better bleaching effect than O•-2 [35].
The balanced equation fort this is: [IMAGE] CH3OH (l) + 1.5O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) This means that the bonds broken are; 3 carbon- hydrogen, 1 carbon-oxygen, 1 oxygen-hydrogen and 1.5 oxygen- oxygen (double bond) and the bonds broken are; 2 carbon- oxygen (double bond) and 4 oxygen-hydrogen. Constructing a Hess' law cycle will show how these are linked together: [IMAGE] CH3OH (l) + 1.5O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) [IMAGE][IMAGE] C (g) + 4H (g) + 4O (g) N.B. bond enthalpies are for elements in their gaseous states If a calculation for the amount of energy needed to break the bonds is made and then the amount of energy given out from bond formation, the resultant energy difference (negative because the reaction is exothermic) is the enthalpy change of combustion. Average bond enthalpies for elements in their gaseous states (kJmol-1): Carbon - Carbon (C-C) = +347 Carbon - Hydrogen (C-H) =
Conclusion Discussion Questions The MnO2 was used as a controlled tube to show the reaction with just deionized water and MnO2. This tube is also able to be used as a comparison with other tubes in which MnO2 is used. MnO2 catalyzed the breakdown of H2O2 in Test 4. This is shown by the release of bubbles from the H2O2.
If they collide with sufficient energy, then they will react. The minimum amount of kinetic energy required for particles at the time of collision is called the activation energy and this theory is known as the?collision theory?. Reactions occur in all circumstances. Chemicals are always combining and breaking up. Reactants and products combine and break apart in all reactions.
The heat generated by this reaction increases the bottom of the furnace to a temperature near 19000° C. This reaction is represented in a chemical equation: C(s) + O2(g) ® CO2(g) + heat The carbon dioxide generated rises halfway up the furnace, where it reacts with the hotter coke. This causes the carbon dioxide to reduce into carbon monoxide. This reaction absorbs some heat and lowers the temperature of the upper part of the furnace to roughly 1300° C. CO2(g) + C(s) + heat ® 2CO(g)