Reconstruction was the time between 1863 and 1877 when the U.S. focused on abolishing slavery, destroying the Confederacy, and reconstructing the nation and the Constitution and is also the general history of the post-Civil War era in the U.S. between 1865 and 1877. Under Abraham Lincoln, presidential reconstruction began in each state as soon as federal troops controlled most of the state. The usual ending date is 1877, when the Compromise of 1877 saw the collapse of the last Republican state governments in the South Reconstruction opened many doors for its newly freed African American citizens. One the many doors, were those of political office. Though these doors opened for blacks in a variety of places, the social origins of most were very similar. Very few of these leaders were wealthy, educated, or well traveled before assuming public office. Even fewer of these men had military experience. Furthermore, most were ex-slaves. However, this lack of experiences did not hold them back from making great achievements. These great leaders helped pave the way for universal public education, helped change laws regarding imprisonment for debt and inheritance for women, and introduced state's first civil rights bill in state House of Representatives and Senate. Alabama leaders helped introduce the Republican Party to Alabama; and helped make it a formidable force. African American leaders also established first black banks and labor union and assisted in establishing schools and churches. But who were these great leaders that varied so vastly and contributed so greatly? Historian, Eric Foner, identifies over 1500 African American officeholders during the Reconstruction period (1865-1876). All were Republicans. T... ... middle of paper ... ...ding investigations into the activities of the Ku Klux Klan) and he also served on the Board of Canvassers, testifying on behalf of Josiah Thomas Walls. Gibbs was also appointed Superintendent of Public Instruction and Lieutenant Colonel in the Florida State Militia. These three men, along with many others, pave the way for the success of black people today. Although reconstruction was a failure, these African American leaders showed what they could do in the face of adversity. With all odds against they still prevailed into their, though short lived, influential positions, making the way for the Barack Obama’s and Colin Powell’s today. References http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec26qs.html http://www.nationmaster.com/index.php http://www.flickr.com/ http://images.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi
In this essay, the author
- Identifies over 1500 african-american officeholders during the reconstruction period, including hiram revels, joseph hayne rainey, and jonathan clarkson gibbs.
- Explains that hiram rhodes revels was the first african american to serve in the united states senate. he represented mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during reconstruction.
- Explains that joseph hayne rainey was born in georgetown, south carolina, on june 31, 1832. he was the first african american to serve in the united states house of representatives and the second black person to be directly elected to congress.
- Explains that reconstruction was the time between 1863 and 1877 when the u.s. focused on abolishing slavery, destroying the confederacy, and reconstructing the nation.
- Explains that jonathan clarkson gibbs was an active member of the abolitionist movement and established schools for newly freed slaves. he was elected to the state constitutional convention of 1868.
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- How Did Reconstruction Affect African Americansexplanatory essayReconstruction was a period in the United States where it was going through significant changes and challenges. The first change made during the reconstruction period was the Emancipation Proclamation designed by Abraham Lincoln. How it came about was the North was disappointed in Abraham Lincoln’s failure
In this essay, the author
- Explains that america underwent many changes during the reconstruction era to reach where it needed to be. the purpose of reconstruction was to rebuild the south after the union's victory in the war.
- Explains that abraham lincoln's emancipation proclamation was the first change made during the reconstruction period in the united states.
- Explains that the second change was presidential reconstruction during andrew johnson's presidency. his stance was on his beliefs in unionism and states' rights.
- Explains that the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were important because they were designed to ensure equality among the recently emancipated slaves, the african americans, and white people.
- Explains that african americans were denied their rights in many different ways during the ratification of the 15th amendment, such as jim crow laws, poll taxes, and the literacy test.
- Explains that the compromise of 1877 was an agreement that stated if hayes could remove the troops from the southern states, he would win the presidency and become president.
- Concludes that america would have been rebuilding for who knows how long had it not been for all the changes reconstruction brought. it went through numerous political, social, and economic factors to grant all men equal rights and citizenship.
729 wordsRead More - Success of Reconstructionexplanatory essaySuccess of Reconstruction Reconstruction was the time period following the Civil War, which lasted from 1865 to 1877, in which the United States began to rebuild. The term can also refer to the process the federal government used to readmit the defeated Confederate states to the Union. While all aspects of Reconstruction were not successful, the main goal of the time period was carried out, making Reconstruction over all successful. During this time, the Confederate states were readmitted to the Union, the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments were ratified, and African Americans were freed from slavery and able to start new lives.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that reconstruction was the time period following the civil war, in which the united states began to rebuild.
- Explains that reconstruction was to readmit the confederate states into the union. the ten percent plan was devised by president lincoln and andrew johnson.
- Explains that tennessee was the only former confederate state recognized as having been readmitted to the union because it had ratified the fourteenth amendment.
- Explains how reconstruction helped to improve the lives of former slaves. after the civil war, african americans were allowed to make everyday decisions and take control of their lives.
- Explains that the period of reconstruction after the civil war was successful because it brought the confederate states back into the union and helped african americans experience aspects of life that they had never before been allowed to.
765 wordsRead More - Who Killed Reconstruction Dbqexplanatory essayReconstruction began in 1865 and ended in 1877. Reconstruction is known as the rebuilding of the U.S. following the Civil War where they would allow southern's back into the union.The military then organized for new elections, which were three groups and they were; freedmen, carpetbaggers, and
In this essay, the author
- Describes reconstruction as the rebuilding of the u.s. following the civil war where they allowed southern's back into the union.
- Explains that the south killed reconstruction because of the kkk outbreak of violence.
- Explains that carpetbaggers were recent arrivals from the north who supported african americans. they provided aid for emancipated africans by the founding of black churches, public schools, and universities.
- Opines that the south killed reconstruction because they tried to stop it and the north gave in. the ku- klux-klan violently killed african americans and people who supported them.
415 wordsRead More - Struggle for Black Americans: Civil Rights Movementanalytical essayReconstruction would start after the Civil war. President Lincoln had started the crusade in helping Black Americans for civil rights with the Emancipation proclamation, freeing all the slaves in the current rebeling states in 1863. This would then lead to the 13th Amendment (1865), the 14th Amendment (1868) and the 15th Amendment that would attempt to give the vote and citizenship to freed slaves. The Federal Government during the beginning would work to protect Black Americans showing that it wasn’t just down to Black leaders for Civil rights. Despite Congresses best efforts, President Andrew Johnson would be unlike his Predecessor. This made it increasingly difficult without the cooperation of the President to help ensure that the Southern States followed along with the Reconstruction Amendments, instead of the rising Jim crow laws that would spread throughout the south. The need to help African-Americans through law would die a death due to the Compromise of 1877, making Ruther B Hayes President. With the North now turning its back on African-Americans and the South hav...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the hundred year struggle for black americans would begin during reconstruction, long before the civil rights movement would be headlining in the 1950s and 1960s.
- Explains that president lincoln started the crusade in helping black americans for civil rights with the emancipation proclamation, freeing all the slaves in the current rebeling states in 1863.
- Explains that booker t. washington's tuskegee institute provided an academic education, but was committed to giving young negro boys practical skills in farming, carpentry, and brick making.
- Analyzes how booker t. washington's book "up from slavery" had significant influence on leaders like marcus garvey. his reserved approach with roosevelt led to criticisms from trotter and myrdal.
- Analyzes how the early movement embraced w.e.b. du bois, who advocated agitation rather than accommodation on their rights, which caused conflict and undermined any advancement by the clear divisions of opinion.
- Explains that marcus garvey's use of media was the most successful during this period of time due to how internationally powerful his organisation was in comparison to washingtons or du bois movement.
- Argues that wilson's racial views were influenced by confederate policy and his core supporters beliefs which came from the south.
- Analyzes how the early black leaders struggled with unresponsive presidents and congress, which made the advancement for civil rights difficult. fear was also a major player in the way they worked.
- Explains that president franklin d. roosevelt's new deal offered opportunities for black americans in struggling times. the wpa, public works administration, and farm security administration grew more sensitive to the needs of the black community.
- Explains that during world war 2, african-american soldiers were welcomed into certain branches of the armed forces, but there was still discrimination. laterome changes were made in advancing their rights in the military through the 1940 selective service training act
- Analyzes how truman avoided issues of civil rights for blacks during the 1940s and 1950s, but the presidential committee on civil rights, created a year earlier, called for the elimination of segregation.
- Explains eisenhower's greatest failure as president was his handling of civil rights. he disliked the supreme court ruling, but had a constitutional responsibility to uphold its rulings.
- Describes derrick murphy, kathryn cooper, mark waldron, isbn: 0 00 711621 7, p323.
- Cites the book civil rights in the usa, 1863 - 1980, by david paterson doug and suan willouby.
2536 wordsRead More - Reconstruction Dbq Analysisargumentative essayAfter the Civil war Reconstruction was developed to reconnect the eleven states that had left the Union and welcome the millions of recently freed freedmen as american citizens. Reconstruction was developed to rebuild the infrastructure and enforce equality in the south after the civil war had devastated most of the south. Reconstruction was around from 1865-1877. during this time the 13th and 14th Amendments were passed giving blacks American citizenship and civil rights. Also during this time black churches, public schools,and universities were built and sixteen african americans served in congress. Then after the election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes was elected and he removed federal troops in the south crushing the american dream for
In this essay, the author
- Explains that reconstruction was developed after the civil war to reconnect the eleven states that had left the union and welcome the millions of newly freedmen as american citizens.
- Analyzes how the boston evening transcript ran a letter that blackes were unfit for political duties. the cover of harper's weekly portrayed black politicians as arguing, lazy, and crazy.
- Concludes that norther neglect caused the end to reconstruction because of no focus on reconstruction.
- Concludes that northern neglect caused an end to reconstruction due to the northerners untrust of blackes and no focus on reconstruction because of scandals.
650 wordsRead More - Analysis Of Malcolm X Ballot Or The Bulletanalytical essayHere, Malcolm begins his analysis by talking about the distinct political climate that existed at that time where many individuals in both the South and the North were frustrated with the stagnant pace by which racial progress was being achieved in context of civil rights legislation. In this, Malcolm in many ways levies a threat by which he warns the political elites of that period that the time is now to enfranchise African-American’s, not later. Additionally, Malcolm furthers his analysis by also critiquing the political trickery played by both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party in Northern States. In this, Malcolm posits that each of these parties have relied on the negro vote to gain and hold office, yet these parties in many instances have left many black issues—like civil rights legislation—on the table rather than actively fighting for them in the roles in which they serve. Lastly, Malcolm concludes with a discussion on liberated self-sufficiency. In context of this notion, Malcolm focuses on the need for black people explicitly to unite to form a concentrated and deliberate attack on the structures of white supremacy and the political institutions that perpetuate and ultimately preserve
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes malcolm x's dedication to black liberation through self-defense in his famous "ballot or the bullet" speech.
- Analyzes how malcolm x led a life dedicated to the service and enfranchisement of african-americans. his most notable contributions to achieve the aims of the civil rights movement came through his involvement with the nation of islam.
- Analyzes how malcolm x's "ballot or the bullet" speech focuses on the tenants of black nationalism, the importance of the ballot for black people, and the ineffectiveness of government.
- Analyzes malcolm's analysis on the importance of the ballot for african-americans living in the united states.
- Analyzes how malcolm's "the ballot or the bullet" speech articulates and foreshadows the revolutionary turning point for the movement.
707 wordsRead More - The Failure of the First and Second Reconstructionanalytical essayThe First Reconstruction came after the Civil War and lasted till 1877. The political, social, and economic conditions after the Civil War defined the goals of the First Reconstruction. At this time the Congress was divided politically on issues that grew out of the Civil War: Black equality, rebuilding the South, readmitting Southern
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how wilson's analysis provides an answer for the riots and subsequent white backlash, but his explanation of the appeal of black power is lacking.
- States that eli ginzberg and alfred s. eichner, troublesome presence: democracy and black americans, published in 1993.
- Explains daniel j. mcinerney's the fortunate heirs of freedom: abolition and the republican party.
- Explains how johnson's veto of nearly every reconstruction bill forced moderates to join the radical republicans in an alliance against president johnson.
- Analyzes how the first and second reconstructions were borne of high hopes, but failed to incorporate economic justice for blacks in both movements.
- Explains how the northern radical republicans set the goals for reconstruction, which was to prevent slavery from rising again in the south.
- Argues that the reconstruction leaders failed to underezd the relationship between political rights and economic power.
- Argues that black power provided poor blacks with psychological and economic solutions to their problems, while the civil rights movement did not attempt solutions.
- Analyzes how the two reconstructions held out great promise and hope to blacks in america, but both failed to achieve their broad goals and in subsequent decades much of their accomplishments washed away.
- Argues that the failure of the first and second reconstructions was caused not by one event but by many.
- Explains that twenty-two blacks served in the house of representatives during reconstruction.
- Explains that until 1900, the only type of jim crow law prevalent in the south was one applying to passengers aboard trains.
4645 wordsRead More - Anopinionated essayConsequently, leadership in America is a curious escape in relation to African-Americans. Interesting enough in previous years when African-Americans first developed including more African-Americans in gove...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the ghost of the plantation is the lingering effects of what slavery did to the african-american people collectively.
- Opines that akbar's view of african-americans and work are not a concrete argument for them because the majority, regardless of race, rather relax than do strenuous activities to enjoy the pleasures the world has to offer.
- Opines that akbar's views on african-americans and the outlook of property are similar to those of slaves receiving old clothing from their previous masters.
- Opines that leadership in america is a curious escape in relation to african-americans.
- Explains that the african-american clown is a popular character which has its origin in slavery. the jester, clown, or fool was responsible for making his superior laugh.
- Explains that the self-hatred of african-american people involves the personal inferiority complex in akbar’s novel. it takes 21 days to break a bad habit.
- Analyzes how akbar addresses questions like "are african-americans still slaves?" and "what is the psychological consequence for blacks and whites of picturing god as a caucasian?"
674 wordsRead More - What Is Reconstruction A Success Or Failureexplanatory essayAfrican Americans were promised a lot of things during reconstruction, some were granted yet some were not and the ones that were came with a price, a price that one may say stripped African Americans of their freedom and humanity. Success, their was a lot of but failure was what defined this brutal era and African American history. Reconstruction is defined as something that has been rebuilt after being damaged or destroyed, something African Americans were promised by the government and other political leaders during 1865. In the beginning Reconstruction was nothing but ambitious and the will to succeed on behalf of freedmen but by the end of this stressful mark this era wasn't remembered for its success but for being one of the bloodiest
In this essay, the author
- Explains that african americans were promised a lot of things during reconstruction, some were granted but others were not. failure was what defined this brutal era and african american history.
154 wordsRead More - Mayor Richard Hatcher of Gary, Indiana proclaimed “[the] ‘70’s will be the decade of an independent black political thrust” during the Black Political Convention of 1972 (Carson, et al. 1991, 492). This thrust would inevitably come forms of social, political, and economic changes that invariably relied less on Black Power rhetoric and more on inclusionary opportunities for blacks in majority White American spheres. Undoubtedly, many factors led to the demobilization of the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power, however, three reasons relating to black leadership and three relating to the national climate prove most influential. Black leadership changes involved older leaders capitulating to racism, the persecution of Black Freedom leaders, and the emergence of Black Elected Officials as a sign of increased political incorporation. As for the national climate, this country witnessed a resurgence of white supremacy groups, the emergence of a Black middle class, and the election of Richard Nixon, who brought his Law and Order rhetoric to the Oval Office.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the 1970s would be the decade of an independent black political thrust, which relied less on black power rhetoric and inclusionary opportunities for blacks in majority white american spheres.
- Analyzes how the unrelenting racism of labor unions challenged african americans' chances of upward mobility and corporate inclusivity. rustin's statement demonstrated the sudden capitulation of blacks to rampant demonstrations of racism
- Analyzes how the visibility of the black power movement led to many members becoming enemies of nixon administration. the murder of fred hampton in 1969, the arrest of black panthers in connection to an omaha police officer's connection, and the outlandish sentencing of "wilmington ten" signified blatant injustices committed against black leaders.
- Explains that the increase in black elected officials (beos) demonstrated the most change in black leadership within the united states.
- Analyzes how white supremacy groups, such as the ku klux klan, helped continue some of the practices of government espionage and corruption that occurred within cointelpro.
- Explains that a positive change in the national landscape came through the emergence of the black middle class after many legal victories that placed them into once barred spheres
- Analyzes how nixon's reliance on a campaign of "law-and-order" created "reactionary anxieties" among whites, and his policies moved away from the social welfare programs put forth by president johnson.
- Analyzes how changes in black leadership and changes throughout the national climate demonstrated the problems facing the newest generation of black freedom fighters, especially as numerous forces worked against their efforts to establish cohesive national presence.
- Cites carson, clayborne, david j. garrow, gerald gill, vincent harding, and darlene clark hines' the eyes on the prize: civil rights reader.
959 wordsRead More