Introduction
Morbidity of surgical abortion depends on gestational age, the method of termination, age and parity. The complications of surgical abortion are infection, cervical laceration, incomplete evacuation, uterine perforation, hemorrhage and anesthetic complications [1, 2].
Surgical methods used for abortion are dilatation and curettage, dilatation and evacuation, hysterotomy and hysterectomy. Suction evacuation of the uterus remains one of the most popular options for termination of first trimester pregnancies. Cervical ripening before first-trimester surgical termination of pregnancy facilitates the procedure and reduces the operative morbidity [3, 4]. Various cervical priming agents have been evaluated and proven to be effective, such as laminaria and prostaglandins.
Most commonly used agent for cervical ripening is prostaglandin analogues which is convenient to administer. Prostaglandin analogues have various side effects such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The ideal cervical ripening agent should be effective and easy to administer, with low incidence of side effects.
Nitric oxide, a free radical gas with a short half life, is a potent inflammatory mediator and intercellular signaling molecule, was first used for endothelium-derived relaxing factor and a primary regulator of blood pressure. Recently many studies showed that it involved in various aspect of female reproductive physiology including the process of cervical ripening [5, 6].
In animal models, nitric oxide level increases in the cervix in the later stages of pregnancy [7]. A study in pregnant guinea pigs showed that local application of nitric oxide effectively produced cervical ripening associated with ultra structural and functio...
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...hinetti F, Piccinini F, Volpe A: Chemical ripening of the cervix with intracervical application of sodium nitroprusside: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2000; 15(10): 2224-2227.
[18] Thomson AJ, Lunan CB, Cameron AD, Cameron IT, Greer IA, Norman JE: Nitric oxide donors induce ripening of the human uterine cervix: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104(9): 1054-1057.
[19] Abshagen UW: Pharmacokinetics of isosorbide mononitrate. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70(17): 61G-66G.
[20] Bates CD, Nicoll AE, Mullen AB, Mackenzie F, Thomson AJ, Norman JE: Serum profile of isosorbide mononitrate after vaginal administration in the third trimester. BJOG 2003; 110(1): 64-67.
[21] Promsonthi P, Preechapornprasert D, Chanrachakul B: Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening in first-trimester surgical abortion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009(4): CD007444.
The Bishop score is a pelvic scoring system developed to make it easier to determine whether a multiparous woman was a suitable candidate for induction of pregnancy. Although the information in the Bishop score was known by many obstetricians for many years, Edward H. bishop is credited because he pulled the pieces together and formed an organized system accompanied by research and statistics to back up his findings. His paper is called the “Pelvic Scoring for Elective Induction”. In this paper, Bishop describes basic minimal requirements that must be met before any patient can be considered for elective induction of labor (1964).
The opportunity to bring life into the world is a priceless moment, and for that to be threatened by a disease; such as Placenta Previa, is heartbreaking. Placenta previa is commonly described as the imbedding of the placenta over or close to the cervix. According to the Permanente Medical Group, during a normal pregnancy the placenta forms at the top part of the uterus far from the cervix. However in placenta previa, the placenta tends to attach to the lower section of the uterus either covering or partially over the cervix, making it almost impossible for a normal delivery (vaginal birth) to take place (Placenta Previa). Placenta previa complicates about 1 in every 200 deliveries and is one of the top leading causes of vaginal bleedings for the second and third trimester (Getahun). It is also related with the escalation of risks of maternal and infant illness and death (Getahun). Instead of there being a specific or many solutions over the years, doctors have come to agreement with different treatments for placenta previa. The obvious solution to placenta previa is to reduce your risks by avoiding cigarettes and any type of drugs, try to reduce your use of abortions an cesarean section, meaning no elective C-sections (The Bump). However, because the reduction in the things above is unlikely due to the mind-frame and unawareness of today’s women, the medical board has to think of alternative treatments to placenta previa, such as bed rest, constant monitoring through-out the pregnancy, and cesarean section. In this essay, I will evaluate the above listed treatments, which stage the doctor will suggest the treatment and explain which I believe is best.
Duerbeck, N., & Dowling, D. (2012). Vitamin A: Too much of a good thing?. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 67(2), 122-128. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318244c52d
Other researchers propose that girls are more resilient to these prenatal factors. Among the theories that favor this protective feature, we find those ones that defend a higher exposure to female sex hormones and to oxytocin at critical periods of fetal development (Goldman, 2013). However, little research has proven the protective effect of female sex hormones (Robinson, Lichtenstein, Anckarsäterd, Happée, & Ronalde, 2013).
When babies are being aborted in the first trimester, the method usually used will be the Menstrual Extraction or Suction Aspiration. Menstrual Extraction is when the doctor takes a suction curette (hollow tube with...
There are two types of ways to have an abortion, surgical abortion or medical abortion. Surgical abortion is a procedure performed in two different ways. If the women is in the first trimester the procedure is done with a suction. Around the twelfth week depending on the woman, it takes 2 to 3 days to prepare the cervix for dilatation. Medical abortion is done with two types of pills, mifepristone is the first pill you take to stop embryo’s growth. The second pill is called misoprostol, is taken a few days later to expel the embryo. When the fetus is aborted it is only the size of an average palm. However, some children can survive, Gianna Jessen was aborted and did not die. Her biological mother had a late-term saline abortion, where salt is injected into the mother's womb and it burns the baby inside and
The suction method is performed sometime in the first trimester. This baby is torn into pieces as the hose frequently jerks because the baby often becomes lodged. The, “scraps are sucked into a bottle” (Abortion From Below). The third method is the dilation and evacuation, which is when the abortionist use a tool like pliers to twist and pull parts of the body out as the bones have already been calcified and must be broken (Abortion TV).The final of the abortions from below is called the D & X, or partial birth. This is typically done in the advanced stages of pregnancy. What happen is the doctor pulls the baby to where all but the head is out of the woman, then with scissors, cut the baby’s head open. The brain is removed and the skull collapse and the baby is delivered (Abortion From Below).
Less than 1% of all abortions are performed to save the life of the mother, and there have been millions of abortions in the United States alone since they became legal. Abortions are when the fetus is removed from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability. There are a lot of ways that an abortion procedure can be done. During your first trimester which is up to twelve weeks of your pregnancy they usually do the endometrial aspiration, suction, or curettage to remove the baby from the uterus. In the endometrial aspiration procedure a thin flexible tube is inserted into the woman’s cervical canal (the neck of the womb) and then sucks out the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) with an electric pump. There is another procedure called dilatation and evacuation (also called suction curettage, or vacuum curettage), the cervical canal is enlarged by metal dilators while the patient is under anesthesia, after that a rigid suction tube is inserted into the uterus remove the fetus. Both the evacuation and curettage can be used up to about the 16th week of pregnancy (Britannica, 2013). But after those 16 weeks have passed the woman will have to be injected with the saline solution if there is enough fluid in the amniotic sac surrounding the baby. Saline solution is used to trigger uterine contractions. If that doesn’t work than other methods may be used to induce contractions, but these substances may cause severe side effects. After the toxic mixture is injected, the baby swallows the salt solution and is poisoned and his skin burned. After suffering for 1 to 1 and a half hours, the baby’s heartbeat stops. The effect of the salt solution burns the lungs and strips away the outer layer of the baby’s skin (Life, 2012). This ...
...s: A List of Major Physical Complications Related to Abortion.” After Abortion. N.p., 23 Nov. 1999. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.
The contractions are much more violent than normal and will decapitate and kill the fetus. The last form of abortion after 20 weeks is, Hysterotomy or Caesaerean Section, in which the surgeon cuts through the abdomen and then cuts the umbilical cord. Once the umbilical cord is cut, the oxygen supply to the fetus is gone and the fetus suffocates. Sometimes, the fetus is born alive, but it is left in a corner to die. Although the abortion process provides pregnant women with an alternative option, after twenty weeks, due to the emotional and sensory growth of the fetus, it would be cruel and unethical to have an abortion.
... Clinical Evidence." Archives of Gynecology & Obstetrics 287.6 (2013): 1137-1149. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.
While you are getting this abortion these are a few risks that are going to happen to you while that child is being killed, you will get punctured in your uterus through this time and you may get infections and hemorrhage if any little tissue of that child is still in you.
Abortion is very cruel to the baby and even harms the mother. It is murder!There are many different procedures for abortions, all gruesome and pain inflicting on the baby. Suction Aspiration (vacuum curettage) makes up for 98% of first trimester abortions. The cervix is first dilated. Then a suction tube with a sharp cutting edge is inserted which rips the baby to pieces. It then sucks out all the remains.
The procedure causes health complications for the mother, inflicts pain on a living fetus, and kills the unborn baby. Late-term abortion induces innumerable physical health complications to the patient, including severe infections, extreme bleeding, and damage to the uterus. In addition, one analysis, in relation to abortion problems, states, “from 1988 to 1997 found the risk of death increased by 38% for each additional week of gestation, during the pregnancy.” (Jones).
Every woman when pregnant has a 3-5% chance of having a baby born with a birth defect, and these chances increase when the developing fetus/ embryos are exposed to teratogens, whether it’s intentional or unintentional (Bethesda (MD), 2006). Teratogens can cause severe birth defects, malformations, or terminate the pregnancy altogether (Jancárková, & Gregor, 2000). The placenta is known as an effective barrier from any detrimental pathogen that can potentially hurt the fetus. The timing of exposure of any teratogen is critical to the impact of prenatal development (Bethesda (MD), 2006). The most vulnerable time of the fetus for severe damage is during early pregnancy when all the major organ and central nervous system (CNS) are developing. Miscarriages have an important role in keeping a pregnancy from evolving when there is something serious going on with the developing fetus/embryo. Miscarriages are more common than we think and are the most familiar type of pregnancy loss (Bethesda (MD), 2006).