Rabies
Rabies virus belongs to the Lyssavirus family in which all the members are animal viruses mainly found in bats and are of a bullet-like shape. The virus is usually spread through bites or scratches. Rabies was first suspected in bats in Brazil during the 1910s. In 1931, it was diagnosed for the first time in Trinidad. Rabies is most common in Asia and found more in wild animals than in domestic animals or humans. There has only been one person who miraculously survived rabies even though she had never been previously exposed to it.
Rabies virus belongs to the order Mononegavirales, and within this group, it falls into the Rhabdoviridae family because of its shape. This family includes three genera of animal viruses: Lyssavirus, Ephemerovirus, and Vesiculovirus. The genus Lyssavirus includes the rabies virus and other viruses that are mainly found in bats.
The Rabies virus has a distinct bullet-like shape. The length of the virus structure is of about 180 nm with a cross-sectional diameter of about 75nm. Like a bullet, one end of the virus is rounded and the other end is planar or concave.
The genome encodes 5-proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and polymerase (L). The two major structural components of viruses like rabies that fall under the rhabdoviruses family are: a helical ribonucleoprotein core (RNP) and a surrounding envelope. Rabies is an RNA virus. The arrangements of the five proteins and the RNA genome determine the structure of the rabies virus. The genome is a single-stranded, non-segmented, RNA of about 12kb that is followed by the five proteins.
The rabies virus is usually spread through bites or scratches, abrasions, or through open wounds in the skin when saliva (and in certain conditions, the urine) from an infected animal that makes contact with the open flesh. The virus-induced, aggressive biting-behavior in the infected animal, along with the viral budding into the salivary glands, maximize the chances of viral infection to a new host.
Rabies has been around for many years causing the deaths of animals as well as humans. During the 1910s, rabies in bats was suspected in Brazil. In 1931, it was definitively diagnosed for the first time in Trinidad in Latin America. Since 1985, bats have been the main rabies reservoirs identified. Bats are, and
have been, the number one source of infection for the cases diagnosed in domestic animals every year.
Recently in 2001, forty-nine U.S.
Rabies is a deadly virus that occurs in the brain. It can affect all mammals but the ones that are most commonly found with the virus are dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, and coyotes. This means that any non-mammal can not contract the virus, such as fish, birds, and reptiles (2). The virus can be contracted by humans with saliva transfer with broken skin contact from an animal which has the disease. As this is the most common form of transferring the disease it is very believable that Tea Cake contracts the virus from the wild dog that “managed to bite [him] high up on his cheek bone once” (1). The rabies virus works by being a bullet shaped virus that directly attacks th...
The norovirus is small and round. It is only 27-35 nm in diameter. The virus contains a single- stranded RNA genome. Noroviruses are divided into five genogroups, G1- G5. Of these five genogroups, only G1, G2, and G4 are known to infect humans. G2 is the most common in adult cases of gastroenteritis. 1 “Noroviruses are not enveloped and contain an outer protein capsid encapsulating an RNA genome.”2
...at in domestic animals, which indicates wild animals cause a higher risk to humans. Controlling the disease in susceptible wild free-ranging animal populations is implemented by oral vaccination and recombinant rabies vaccine by use of vaccine-containing bait. The best prevention is decreasing chances to expose to the disease. Once a patient is suspected as a rabies case, the physician and local health administrator should decide whether infection actually occurs and whether a risk of rabies exists in the geographic area. Once the identification is completed, the patient should receive post-exposure prophylaxis immediately, which contains the combination of local wound cleansing, human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and rabies vaccine. The population such as veterinarians, animal handlers that have higher risk to be infected should receive pre-exposure immunization.
Once the rabies disease shows symptoms on the victim it becomes impossible to cure because the disease has already spread through out the entire nervous system. Did Zora Neil Hurston accurately portray the rabies disease in the novel as to real life? Because in the novel Hurston did portray the symptoms accurately. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston gave Janie's husband, Tea Cake, great characteristics of having contracted the disease. Some of the characteristics that were shown in the novel were Tea Cake gagging when drinking liquids, bad headaches and the time period it took for the symptoms of rabies to finally show up.
Rabies, literally meaning “furious” in Latin, is commonly known throughout the ages for its terrifying effects on both humans and animals alike. Because the disease is fatal, people throughout the world have put greatest effort to find ways of controlling and preventing the disease. Natural remedies and protection amulets were used until Pasteur’s discovery of the vaccine. Based on those findings, people have altered techniques to make the vaccine. However, recently, there have been two particular cases concerning rabies. One woman survived the disease by an induced coma without receiving the vaccine. Another case a common organ donor infected with rabies killed all the recipients. These medical mysterious surprised many scientist even today.
Rabies virus is an enveloped negative stranded RNA virus. It has a 12kb genome that encodes for five proteins one of which is the Glycoprotein. Although the Rabies virus has been controlled by routine vaccinations of animals in developed countries, it still remains one of the most important public health problems worldwide. In this paper, the authors state that the Glycoprotein (G) is the major attribute of protective immunity in animals and is also responsible for the introduction of virus neutralizing antibodies. The authors used baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) and SK cells and grown them in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. This is the optimal medium and allows for the nutrients essential for the cells to grow. They then developed a recombinant RABV vaccine by expressing two copies of the RABV G protein in the HEP-Flury strain of the virus. At appropriate time points after infection, the cells were fixed in acetone and stained with RABV N Protein specific antibody. This is done so the authors can examine these cells under a fluorescence microscope.
Antemortem conclusion of human rabies ought to incorporate lab testing of serum, spit, CSF, and a nuchal skin biopsy to advance symptomatic yield in light of the fact that any one test can be fluidly positive. Discovery of viral antigen by coordinate fluorescent immune response testing, detachment of rabies infection from salivation or focal sensory system tissue, ID of rabies virus– particular neutralizer in CSF, recognizable proof of rabies virus– particular counter acting agent in the serum of an unvaccinated individual, or recognition of viral RNA in spit, different liquids, or tissue are solid pointers of intense disease. Any of these discoveries in a clinically good case satisfies the case definition for human rabies set up by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Viral separation, location of viral antigens, recognizable proof of viral nucleic corrosive, and recognition of rabies infection killing antibodies are not particularly required for analysis and are not reliably found in all human rabies
Nocturnal animals like raccoons, typically come out to forage at night, so if they are found wandering during the day there may be a problem. Rabies can be transmitted to humans if you are exposed to the saliva or brain tissue. Of course, getting bit by a rabid animal can transmit the virus to
While bats are also carriers of rabies, this fatal disease can only be contracted through direct contact with the animal, rather than by droppings left behind. Histoplasmosis is a higher risk factor as it’s easier to come into contact with. It’s important that homeowners don’t allow bat guano to build up in the home.
The doctor was completely bewildered. He was prepared to diagnose him with the Rabies virus, but it was progressing too quickly. Along with that, he didn't appear to have any sign of transmission, no bites or scratches. He gave the man about 5 hours.
They can catch any diseases the animals may carry. People are introduced to rabies, herpes B virus, and salmonella, which are diseases that are carried by exotic animals (Should Wild). The United States every year record about 93,000 crisis concerning salmonella (Born). Salmonella is transported and discarded on the faces of more than half of the reptile population (Born). About ten thousand people contracts salmonella from amphibians, therefore; The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advocated that these animals should not be in homes with children under the age of five (Should Wild). The herpes B virus can be terminal for humans, which is frequently found in macaque monkeys. About 25 percent of the macaque monkeys have or had the virus (ASPCA). Exotic animals behaviors can change along with the seasons or their life cycle, so they hardly bond with their owners, so they may attack (ASPCA). Humans are attacked each year by exotic animals, they are mauled by tigers, attacked by monkeys, and also bitten by snakes (A Life). Private ownership of exotic animals is opposed by the American Veterinary Medical Association, the United States Department of Agriculture, and a few more associations (A Life). Thousands of tigers are being kept as pets because they are so cheap to buy (Born). Exotic animals can be sold at auctions or pet stores and can even be sold from backyard breeding (Born). To help decrease the
Rabies is a viral disease that infects the central nervous system and is spread by a bite of an affected animal, typically mammals. It is transferred via the saliva of infected animals. In certain conditions, the virus can establish itself in the central nervous system. This causes it to spread to the salivary glands, producing the foam the virus is infamous for. The disease develops most often between four and six weeks after infection, but the incubation period can vary from as low as 10 days to as high as eight months.
Rotaviruses are 70-nm non-enveloped RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae, and they have a wheel-like shape. The viral nucleocapsid contains eleven segments of double-stranded RNA enclosed by three concentric shells. Rotavirus infects the small intestine by releasing an enterotoxin and destroying the epithelial surface, resulting in blunted villi, and shedding of massive quantities of the virus in stool. Rotaviruses are shed in high
It is said that there is 20 species around the world but there are 4 most common species that cause the disease in humans a few are known as: