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creswell(2014) study on qualitative research methods
qualitative and quantitative research method introduction
qualitative and quantitative research method introduction
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Introduction
Reviewing the previous qualitative studies, the interview has become one of key research approaches (along with field observations and document analysis) for gathering data that is closely conducted by qualitative researchers. (Kvale, 1996; Brinkmann, 2008; Seidman, 2006). As Gubrium & Holstein (2003) suggest that the qualitative interviews are able to assist researchers to investigate the discovery-oriented enquiries and the increased understanding of subjectivities in the researching fields of social science, media, health care, etc.
The qualitative interview offers researcher an opportunity to convey a conversational situation to discover the participants’ personal experience from the interviewer’s perspective and expressed in their own words. According to Seidman (2006), the interviewing conversations conducted in a qualitative research are based on the interaction between the interviewers and interviewees thereby generating/collecting effective research data. Kvale (1996) also states that interview just reflects another form of social interaction that relies on interviewee’s personal status and characteristics. He suggests such personal elements are potentially to affect the generated data and data analysis. Hence, it is essential for the interviewers to structure purposive conversations that are able to guide the interviewees to answer the questions in depth from the expected perspectives.
Moreover, another important factor to consider in terms of influencing data generation is the use of technology in recording and storing interview data. If these factors are acknowledged, carefully considered, and systematically managed, the data generation process can be significantly enhanced.
Interviews in Qualitative Me...
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...) during the interview. The strategic use of silence, if used appropriately, can also be highly effective at getting respondents to contemplate their responses, talk more, elaborate or clarify particular issues.
Conclusion
Throughout the interview, to establish the rapport with interviews, get trust and 默契。This can be achieved by, for example, respecting the informants’ opinions, supporting their feelings, or recognising their responses. This can also be shown by the researchers’ tone of voice, expressions or even gestures. In addition, Kvale (1996) suggests that ‘a good contact is established by attentive listening, with the interviewer showing interest, understanding, and respect for what the subjects say.’ He (1996) continues, ‘a good interview] allows subjects to finish what they are saying, and lets them proceed at their own rate of thinking and speaking.’
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K., Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide. Retrieved from http://www.fhi.org
CQR incorporates the elements from phenomenological approach, grounded theory as well as comprehensive process analysis. The consensual qualitative research has a number of essential components. Firstly, it includes the implication of the open-ended questions in the semi-structured techniques of data collection, which allow the consistent data 's collection across the individuals as well as in-depth examination of their experiences (Hill, 2012). Secondly, it involves several judges throughout the process of analysis of data, in order to foster numerous perspectives. Third is the consensus for arrival at judgments concerning the data 's meaning that sets aside the researchers ' biases (Hill, 2012). Fourthly, it requires at least one auditor for checking the judges primary team 's work and minimization of the effects of group thinking in the primary team. The methods of the data collection in consensual qualitative research are naturalistic and highly interactive, and include interviews and sampling (Given, 2008). However, the researchers may also compare the qualitative findings with quantitative findings for triangulation of the results. While the data analysis involves three main steps that include domains, used for segmentation of the
The frame of qualitative research is broadly within the socially constructed, advocacy /participatory theories that assert that social construction determine meaning, and therefore, there are multiple truths to discover (Parylo, 2012). Some of the data from qualitative research is collected from interviews, observations, and field notes. The researcher adds codes to the data to allow for analysis and interpretation, taking into account the context and personal values of the researcher (Parylo, 2012). Creswell (2014) notes that qua...
To complete the above fieldwork exercise, the method of qualitative research utilised was Ethnography. Ethnography is a method in which the ethnographer or researcher becomes either an overt or a covert participant in the lives of people (Hammersley & Atkinson, 2105). It involves collecting any data that is available to explore the focus of the research (Hammersley & Atkinson, 2007). One could suggest Ethnography is a method to study society and culture (Berg and Lune, 2017).
Various information gathering techniques can be utilized, as the specialist and the examination subjects cooperate in this collaborative dialogic relationship (Moen, 2006). Data can be as field notes; journal records; interview transcripts; one's own particular and other's perceptions; narrating; interview transcripts; personal written work; reports, for example, school and class arrangements, bulletins, and different writings, for example, standards and principles; and pictures (Moen, 2006). According to Moen (2006), the narrative methodology is arranged inside of the qualitative or interpretive examination method. A subjective way to deal with the field of examination implies that analysts study things in their characteristic settings, attempting to understand and translate phenomena as far as the significance individuals bring to them (Moen, 2006). Throughout the many disciplines that utilized narrative inquiry, certain theoretically oriented narratives help researchers to listen and understand the stories of individuals and to become advocates for them (Sheperis, Young & Daniels, 2010). As with all methods, caution must be used. For instance, narrative researchers have to interrogate and allow their presence in all phases of the investigative process (Sheperis, Young & Daniels,
There are two types of research that can be conducted in research studies, these are qualitative and quantitative (Newman, 2011). Qualitative research is a process that uses detailed oriented methodology that tries to achieve a profound knowledge or understanding of specific incident and circumstance, wh...
Contrary to unstructured interviews, structured interviews are inflexible as each interviewee receives the same questions, which are arranged in a pre-set order (Miles & Gilbert, 2005, p. 65). Semi-structured interviews are kind of a mixed of the first two types; “This form of interviewing has some degree of predetermined order but still ensures flexibility in the way issues are addressed by the informant.” (Dunn 2005, p. 80, as cited in Longhurst, 2010, p. 105). Due to combining the advantages of structured and unstructured interviews, this thesis will apply a semi-structured interview
Qualitative research is concerned with understanding people’s many layers of envisioned reality. It is observation of the human practice, descriptive in manner, with careful, detailed factual description of people, objects and action. Viewed in a nonpositivism style, those who look at research in this manner believe all that is important and cannot be measured as in quantitative, concrete measurement. They believe there is an interaction between researcher and participant that has to be accounted for. This being said, experiments cannot be reproduced from one environment to another because the conditions are different, the context of the situation changes and interactions cannot be the same for different researchers and participants (Long, 2014a).
Qualitative and quantitative methods allow researchers to investigate, explore and inquire the nature of the phenomenon being studied. It is important that the researcher develops a clear understanding of the problem and design a plan to investigate it (Cresswell, 1998, para. 1). There are a variety of research methods; nevertheless, it is important to consider which research method is appropriate for the study. Qualitative research focuses on human experiences while quantitative research relies on numbers, measurements, and testing. Nevertheless, qualitative and quantitative methods use similar approaches to conduct research and collect data. For example, observations and interviews are approaches used in both research designs; however, the approaches are used and viewed otherwise. This will be discussed later in the paper.
The purpose of research interviews is to explore the views, beliefs, and motives of individuals on a specific matter for example factors that influence their daily life. They also provide a clear understanding of social issues and an insight that is required from the participant (British dental journal, 2008).The many types of research interview in qualitative research namely are the structured, semi-structured, unstructured and in-depth interview. I will explain them further since they can be used to explore
Qualitative research is an approach that attempts to situate an activity that locates the observer in the world by providing the study to occur in their natural setting and by attempting to make sense of, or interpret information (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). A characteristic of qualitative research is to use a variety of empirical materials such as personal experience, interviews, and questionnaires. It is imperative to understand the task at hand and how to fully carry out the study when using a qualitative research approach in order to find out the information needed. One view of qualitative research is it involves examining individual’s experiences and documenting those experiences in detail (Jones, 2011). By documenting these observations the researcher is ensuring validity in his or her data and giving the correct creditability to those who participated in the study.
Ritchie, J. (2003). The applications of qualitative methods to social research. In J. Ritchie & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
The downfall that may occur with the interview process is not only can it be costly but it creates the inability of an anonymous response, which can affect a subject’s reply and make it a less honest and thought out response. Interviews tend to be time consuming which can result in a smaller sample size. If not prepared properly, bias may become...
... communication, many of the subjects tried to answer all questions they could to their full ability. All but one were willing to do the interview, and everyone gave highly personal answers. This was a very social group of people who were willing to share even the most intimate of details.
One type of characteristics in a qualitative research is that it is carried out in a natural setting. As a consequence, when a researcher is conducting a research they are committed to spend time doing field work. This will ensure that their claims are not bias or incorrect. Furthermore, the sitting for their research is typically places similar to a board room, or a class room. Also, it is usually limited to a smaller group. As a result, it allows the research to be more personal. (Smith & Davis, 2010)