Qualitative Anatomical Analysis
A standing broad jump is a jump for distance from a standing position. It can be divided into four temporal phases: countermovement, propulsion, flight, and landing. In the countermovement phase, the subject squats to load up and extends the shoulders and the arms. In the propulsion phase, the goal is to generate enough force to propel the body forward. The person must stand erect in full extension of the trunk, hips, and knees. Then, the person flexes at the hip and the knee, which results with the trunk being rotated in a forward direction. Next, the arms become slightly flexed to hyperextension, to full flexion. Prior to the flight phase, the body goes into full extension. The flight phase begins as soon as the feet have left the ground. During this phase, the body stays in full extension or can become hyperextended. Towards the end of the flight phase, the trunk rotates forward in an anterior direction along with minor hip and knee flexion just before landing. During the landing phase, the knees and the hips are in maximum flexion and forward rotation of the trunk. There is also arm movement by moving both arms in the vertical direction to improve jumping distance. At the onset of the jump, the arm swings forward and during landing, they swing back and forth.
This skill involves jumping in the sagittal plane about the transverse axis. It consists of hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder joints. In the preparation phase in propulsion, the subject has flexed knees and hips which will need to be straightened by the strength of their corresponding joints such as the hinge joint at the knee joint. The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that bears the body weight and allows for jumping motion. During th...
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...ject’s/object’s weight multiplied by the velocity the subject/object is moving at, squared. In order for the broad jumper to increase the change in kinetic energy he/she needs to produce a faster velocity. This would mean he/she would have to produce a quick and efficient transition from flexion to extension at the beginning of the broad jump. Potential energy is defined as the amount of energy that is “stored” within a subject or object. The mathematical formula for potential energy is PE=mgh, where “m” mass, “g” is the acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s), and “h” is height. The broad jumper has most amount of potential energy when he/she is at the apex of the flight phase. In order to increase the amount of change in potential energy the athlete must obtain the greatest height possible. This allows the athlete to fall longer, thus obtaining a further distance.
Oatis C. (2009) Kinesiology: The Mechanics & Pathomechanics of Human Movement (Second ed.). Glenside, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
When one throws a baseball properly they are using there entire body to generate a large force to propel the baseball. A general throwing position starts with a person rotated 90 degrees from there target with there throwing arm 180 degrees from the target and parallel to the ground. The person then starts rotating their body back towards their target while there throwing arm starts bending until it is almost 90 degrees to their elbow, while the arm is bending at the elbow the throwing arm is rotating such that the arm rotates back almost 180 degrees from the target. Meanwhile the person is leaping forward with the leg that was initially pointed at the target while there other leg is planted into the ground. The person is bending at their waist and the other arm is rotating into their body. Around the point where the driving leg strikes the ground the throwing arm is rotating foreword at a tremendous angular speed and the person lets go of the ball. At the point where the ball is let go the persons body pulls the planted leg forward and the throwing arm finishes its motion towards the driving leg.
The fighter is then ready to initiate the movement phase: extension at the knee with a relative angle to the thigh of about 180 degrees, lateral rotation of the grounded foot between 90 and 120 degrees, and additional lateral flexion of the spine.
Once we plant by pushing the pole to the back of the box in the ground, the pole begins to bend, and like a spring will eventually return to its normal shape. During this period of time, the pole is in a stable equilibrium (Bloomfield, 1997). Right before the vaulter plants, they should be going in a forward and upward motion (Linthorn, 2000). During the plant, the pole begins to bend as you are putting force on it and absorbs the kinetic energy that is transferred from the vaulter. Like a spring though, the kinetic energy that was absorbed is transferred into elastic potential energy. The pole is bent because of the energy, force, and momentum from the vaulter. Once the pole hits the end of the box, there will be some energy lost. In order to minimize as much energy loss as possible, you would have to perfect the planting technique (The Physics of Pole Vaulting, 2009). This is a hard mission to accomplish, for most of the energy is lost in the plant is determined on the angle of your arms and position of your body (Linthorn, 2000). For instance, when you plant the pole and your arms are flimsy or bent with the planter foot pointing to an angle other than straight in front,, your body will move in that direction and you risk hitting the crossbars that hold the bar up. In order to lose less energy and control where your body goes, the vaulters arms need to be strong and straight while pushing on the pole as you jump in the air during the plant. Your body and planter foot also need to be pointing straight ahead, pointing at the pole. Although, at some point the force the pole has on the vaulter will be to strong and the arms and torso will push back; this helps the vaulter then pull on the pole as they try to rotate into an upside down position (Linthorn,
The earliest beginnings of anatomy could be traced back to the Egyptians in 1600 B.C.E., when early examinations of sacrificial victims were taking place. From this time, scholars have found the earliest medical document, known as the Edwin Smith Papyrus, in which it described early anatomical observations made by the Egyptians, most likely due to their knowledge gained from mummification. The papyrus displayed organs such as the bladder, uterus, kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, and blood vessels.
The focus of this paper is mechanically and automatically break down the deadlift. It focuses on the four phases of the deadlift (The lift off, pull through, the lockout, and the lowering phase) as well as the muscles involved in lifting and lowering the load. The sole purpose of the deadlift is for health and fitness. It is a core lift that works nearly every muscle in the body. Muscles from the lower and upper extremities will go through a period of flexion and extension when moving through the phases. The deadlift should be performed safely, and with proper form to avoid injury. This paper shows and demonstrates the proper form of the deadlift. There are also a number of forces acting on the load and the athlete. Gravity and external forces will be an active part of lifting the load. Images and tables are provided in the paper to better understand the movements and muscles used when performing the deadlift.
In this position the athlete stands upright with their feet slightly separated and parallel, the arms hanging easily at the sides with the palms facing the body. When standing still muscles co-contract to stabilise the body and prevent it from falling or flopping due to the effects of gravity. The key joints that stabilize the body are the ankle joint, knee joint, hip joint, vertebral column and the shoulder girdle.
7. If a 60-kg sprinter running at 10 m/s could convert all of her kinetic energy into upward motion, how high could she jump?
A basketball Jump shot also known as a jumper is one of the most important shots in the game. Its purpose is for the player to jump, usually straight up and while in the mid-air attempt to score while arcing the ball in the basket. Jumps shots are known for winning games, especially crucial last second shots such as mine but it’s a skill that a player should be familiar and have knowledge of. Although it seems simple and easy its actually is a very detailed and mechanical aspect to the game which is why I choose to analyze the biomechanics of a basketball jump shot.
This is achieved when the diver takes the first leap into the air with his arms raised. When he comes back down on the board, his own mass falling onto the board will apply a certain force. An additional force is added as the arms swing down at the same time with a greater acceleration, applying more force. At the bottom of the diving board's oscillation, all of the now stored potential energy is released. The diver swings his arms upward and begins to release his pressure on the board. The board pushes the diver up and into the air with a huge force.
1. You will want to start off by keeping your feet about shoulder with apart.
Speed can be characterized as the velocity of something in a provided guidance. Increasing speed is the vector amount that is characterized as the rate at which an item changes its speed. Jumpers ought to quicken to idle speed and keep up speed through the bounce. Ideal speed is at full speed, however capable and controllable sprint so that the run is steady. The state ought to concentrate on force (see underneath) while the move from the begin ought to display ideal sprint mechanics with the body at 90o with the ground, going at most extreme speed, having foot contacts specifically beneath the hips. Relocation is the vector or the size of a vector from the starting position to a resting position expected of a body. Shot movement can be any anticipated
Recorded videos were used to analyze the movement patterns of the runners. The participants were an elite (male) and a novice runner (female). The elite runner used a standard track field while the novice used a treadmill in a standard gym. The result showed that the elite runner had a longer stride than the non-expert due to his long legs. The novice runner required less force to move her body than the elite runner. The expert had longer stride resulting in longer step length which made him move faster than the novice. As the feet of both participants touched the ground the expert had a higher ground reaction force than the non-expert. The elite had a higher cadence than the non-elite because his legs moved faster. During stance phase, they both have one foot on the ground and as their foot first hit the ground they both slow down. However, the novice was slower because the elite had a faster speed making him spend less time in the
The purpose of the squat is to train the muscles around the knees and hip joints, as well as to develop strength in the lower back, for execution of basic skills required in many sporting events and activities of daily living. Because a strong and stable knee is extremely important to an athlete or patient’s success, an understanding of knee biomechanics while performing the squat is helpful to therapists, trainers, and athletes alike (11). Because most activities of daily living require the coordinated contraction of several muscle groups at once, and squatting (a multi-joint movement) is one of the few strength training exercises that is able to effectively recruit multiple muscle groups in a single movement, squats are considered one of the most functional and efficient weight-bearing exercises whether an individual’s goals are sport specific or are for an increased quality of life
The history of anatomy and physiology dates back to ancient Egyptian times when humans were mummified after death and bodies would be stripped of their internal organs during the embalming process. It was not until much later when Hippocrates II, known as the father of medicine, was the first to write about human anatomy. Shortly after that, the Alexandrian Medical School was established, where human dissection was allowed for the first time, which promoted research and new discoveries in the field. From there, many other influential researchers came up with theories regarding the cardiovascular and nervous systems, etc; however, the missing links in some of the earlier theories was found with the discovery of the microscope, which changed the focus of research and led to many advancements in the field.