Birks wrote that the defendant succeeds if he can show that he acted to his detriment on the faith of the receipt. It will not apply in circumstances where a defendant is initially enriched and subsequently encounters a loss or detriment so that overall the defendant had not been enriched. For example, a defendant, unjustly enriched, receives a sum of money and later loses the money due to unavoidable circumstances, cannot be made to pay the claimant for the initial unjust enrichment. The defendant would face a hardship or difficulty to pay the claimant, however, this does not constitute a defence to restitution. The defence ensures that the defendant is no worse off by having to make restitution.
In his leading speech, Lord Goff of Chieveley, stated unjust enrichment in the following terms: “The recovery of money in restitution is not, as a general rule, a matter of discretion for the court. A claim to recover money at common law is made as a matter of right; and even though the underlying principle of recovery is the principle of unjust enrichment, nevertheless, where recovery is denied, it is denied on the basis of legal principle.” In the case of Scottish Equitable plc v Derby , Mr Derby received an overpayment through the carelessness of his life assurance company and spent some of it on small improvements to his daily lifestyle. Despite the fact that Mr Derby had acted honestly and that Scottish Equitable was at fault, the defence was denied. Both cases developed principles on the change of position defence that were used to obtain a conclusion to the case. Although principles were introduced, uncertainty remains in defining the figure of each of them.
First, Buckley’s argument that the government needed to prevent instances of corporate corruption did not befit the case. It is because quid pro quo corruption interests limited the government’s the precautions. Second, the government’s interest as outlined by the constitution restricts direct associations of the candidate on the expenditure, but not independent corporate expenditures. Third, the indigence of elected officials in the process of expenditure does not deem them corrupt. Finally, twenty six states in the United States do not restrict independent corporate expenditures and the government failed to prove that the absence of the restrictions in the states resulted in corruption.
As an unregistered interest, Stan’s intention to re-purchasing of the property would be defeated unless he can invoke exceptions to indefeasibility, such as fraud or personal equity exceptions. 1. Fraud as an exception to indefeasibility As it is clearly stated in the s 42(1), fraud is an exception to indefeasibility. Although the Act did not provide the definition of a fraud, but
The Third Party Insurer is the one responsible of settling the claim and thus should be responsible of recognizing the income as revenue. The same scenario applies to the case of reinsurance. The ASC 605 – 45 is categorically clear that it does not cover transactions that include premiums for insurance and reinsurance (Miller, 2013). This means that the claim by Crazy Computers Retailers to recognize the commission revenue generated from sale of extended warranty contracts is flawed. Since this provision does not cover insurance related concepts, it would be thus erroneous to use this provision.
His statement is false although he himself believes that it to be true. This is Misrepresentation. Moreover, Misrepresentation is against the fraud, where is the intention to deceive the other party to enter into the agreement. On analyzing, the statement must have positive conduct on the part of the pa... ... middle of paper ... ...ions where neither a collateral contract nor fraud is recognized. In case of Hedley Byrne V. Heller [1964] A.C., where the court observed that a statement made negligently that was based upon can be actionable in tort.
(Bolinger p.56) One should not be concerned, however, in the pending political outcome, but in weighing the evidence argued by both sides and developing a sound reasonable basis. Therefore, the remainder of this document shall concern itself with comparing the prevalen t arguments of both sides against one another and drawing a conclusion based on the evidence. Opponents of liability reform rely heavily on an idealistic constitutional argument as well as an economic argument to foster their point. The main components of their argument are as follows: Limiting recovery of loss has a detrimental effect on those which are harmed by alleged negligence. The cost of liability is reasonable when compared to total revenues, and in light of a CPA's public responsibility.
Equitable remedies are enforced when money damages does not adequately satisfy the non-breaching party. Some types of equitable remedies available are: Rescission which allows the non-breaching party to cancel their contractual responsibilities. Reformation whereby the parties can modify the contract so it reflects what each party’s responsibility will be. Lastly, specific performance which is a court order that requires the original contract to be fulfilled by the breaching party. On the other hand there are legal remedies which are monetary damages of one form or another that are awarded to the non-breaching party.
Causation, through the lens of negligent misstatement, means, “The defendant’s breach need not be the sole cause of the loss to the claimant, but it must be a cause of loss.” The need for a direct link between breach of duty and causation was put into practice in London Joint Stock Bank v. Macmillan (1918) when it was determined that due to the independent act of a third party the chain was causation was broken. If some of the claimant’s loss is too remote as a consequence of a breach of duty, there will be a limit to the recovery of damages. These damages must be reasonably foreseeable, as decided in the Wagon Mound (1961). Once the causation and remoteness of the damage is linked to the breach of duty, the defences available must be
Tax Consequences to SJKII- the WOFE is a disregarded entity and therefore there is no preference in structuring the capital funding one way or another. 2. Tax consequences to Fosun- in the case of insolvency, the bad debt loss may be treated as an ordinary loss, while the worthless stock deduction is be treated as a capital loss. 3. The form of the additional capital funding (i.e.