Preparation of Pyrolysis Oil:
Crude pyrolysis liquid was obtained from local suppliers in Phatthalung Province, Thailand, where it was produced as a by-product from the pyrolysis of wood in the process of making charcoal, using rubber wood as a biomass feed. First, the crude pyrolysis liquid was treated to reduce water and remove the fine particles using evaporation and filtration, respectively. The concentrated liquid produced in evaporation was labelled as pyrolysis oil. The oil contained 30wt% water as determined by Karl Fisher titration. Its specific gravity, heating value and pH were 1.22, 21MJ/kg and 3.72, respectively. The chemical composition of the pyrolysis oil is shown in Table 1
Preparation and characterization of the catalyst:
NH4-ZSM-5zeolite (CBV 3024E) was provided by Zeolyst International as a fine powder. It has values of 405 m2/g, and 50 for surface area, and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, respectively. The HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by removing the ammonia from NH4-ZSM-5 by calcination at 5500C for 5 hours in a stream of nitrogen to obtain the hydrogen form with stronger acid sites. To check the pH of the calcined HZSM-5 catalyst, a catalyst-water mixture (50:50 ratio) was measured using a pH meter [ref]. The pH was decreased from 4.40 to 3.68. The structure and composition of the catalyst were identified by X-ray diffractometre (X’Pert MPD, PHILIPS) and the XRD patterns were found to be similar to the standard HZSM-5 zeolite reported by R. Ballmoos et al [1] as given in fig [1]. The morphology and particles size were determined from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image taken with a JSM-5800 LV, JEOL as shown in fig [2].
Experimental setup and procedure:
The pyrolysis oil derived from rubber wood obtained fr...
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...he Design Expert software was used to optimize the conditions, showing that the maximum value of OLP yield is 4.86 % achieved at 5500C, catalyst weight of 4.5 g and 6.8 ml/min N2 flowrate. The result is depicted in the response surface graph, fig 5, which shows the most significant variables (temperature and catalyst weight) for the optimum yield of OLP. In addition, the maximum value of gasoline fraction percent was 4.39 % obtained at 442 0C, catalyst weight of 4.5 g and 10 ml/min N2 flowrate. Fig 6 shows the response surface graph for the optimum percent of gasoline fraction in OLP affected by the most significant variables of temperature and catalyst weight.
The pH was measured by mixing catalyst in water at a 50:50 ratio and then measuring the pH of the water using a standard pH probe. As a result of the calcining process, the pH was reduced from 4.98 to 3.06.
values by using buffers set at PH 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. I predict that there
final pH of 6.1 and a final pH of 7.3 shows that the first pH is
a PH range of an about 5-9 and works most efficiently at neutral of PH
...ions are formed. Carbonates always produce CO2 and H2O. Also, in the presence of carbon dioxide, limewater becomes cloudy. Errors and improvements for this experiment would be the following: using and adding too much indicator that results in a greater pH reading. In order to be as accurate as possible, one must be as accurate as can be. Inaccuracy in this measure will enable and reveal inaccurate results. Another error was the presence of other acids in the test tube that was rinsed with water. This was evident when the acid was placed in the test tube before 2 drops of the indicator was dropped. This can also lead to inaccurate results.
Obtain and zero two burets, one containing .0500M oxalic acid and the other containing the permanganate solution. Next, add 25.00mL of the oxalic acid into a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask (using the bottom of the meniscus for measurements). Then proceed to measure and add 15mL of 3M sulfuric acid to the titration flask with a graduated cylinder. Heat the titration flask to a temperature of 80C. Titrate the contents of the flask with the permanganate solution. Swirl the contents of the flask after adding the permanganate and if the solution drops below 80C heat the flask back up to 80C. Use the top of the permanganate solution to take measurements rather than the bottom of the meniscus. Add just enough permanganate to turn the contents of the flask a light pink color. At this point record the volume of the permanganate solution used. Rinse the titration flask with distilled water and run the experiment one more time.
The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions and the acidic and alkaline content in a liquid. The abbreviation pH stands for percent hydronium ion. The pH scale starts from 0 being the most acidic, to 14 being the most alkaline, and 7 being neutral. Water is the only liquid that is neutral, but most other liquids are near neutral, ranging just slightly above or below 7 on the scale.
XTL (Anything to Liquid) is recently emerging phrase that represented all of technologies intended to convert any source of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons. These processes have at least three main steps: syngas production, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and product finalizing. Syngas production might be different from feed and technology point of view and these differences affect all downstream units partially. In this step, source of carbon converted to syngas which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Origin of the letter X in the XTL phrase depends on this carbon source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non-bituminous), G for (natural) Gas and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and …) [1-4]. Amongst these routes steam reforming in fixed bed reformers and partial oxidation in auto thermal reactors are more attractive in industrial applications (both related to Gas to Liquid (GTL) process) [5]. Although these processes seem completely different form syngas production point of view but they are almost similar in the next step, the heart of any XTL factory, namely FTS. In FTS unit syngas converted to chains of different hydrocarbons such as paraffin, olefin, oxygenated and …, by use of sutiable catalysts of iron or cobalt based. This section is the most important section of any XTL factory and in fact XTL is translation of the classical Fischer Tropsch Synthesis the language of industrial and commercial world. Finally the hydrocarbon products might undergo some finalizing steps to reach the specifications of the market. This is the final step of a XTL process and might be comprised of different units with a variation of complexness depending on the final product quality and perhaps...
The objectives of Lab 6 is to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil and determine the yields for this process. The materials of this lab are a 15 mL capped centrifuge tube, a balance scale, a disposable glass pipette, methanol, and KOH.
Figure shows the pH levels that were predicted before measuring the actual pH of the different types of samples using the pH paper.
You are living in Saskatoon where the current temperature is -41o C. What happens when you need to suddenly go to the hospital, and your car engine oil is as thick as a jelly which makes it hard for the car to start properly? What’s going to be your first priority changing your petroleum-based engine oil into the Synthetic oil or deciding not to go to the hospital even though you needed it at any cost?
From looking at the results I can conclude that when the pH was 3 and
The purpose of the lab is to analyses the water using mass balance analysis, so the concentration of the coagulant downstream can be determined.
Once in charcoal form it is then crushed into a fine powder and heated at a very high temperature, a temperature that cannot be achieved by an open fire such as a campfire. Once heated it is then exposed to argon and nitrogen gasses. Finally, the charcoal is exposed to oxygen and steam which further opens up millions of tiny pores.
The continuous depletion of fossil fuel resources and their increased demand has changed the outlook from ancient resources of fuel to new resources especially biomasses of plant origin. Plant biomass is a promising raw material for fuel generation to sustain fuel requirements in the modern age. Basically biofuel these days can be divided into first generation and second generation depending upon the type of biomass used. Biofuel derived from sugars, oils, cereals, sugarcane and starch are categorised in first generation fuel while use of lignocellulosic biomass like soft and hardwood, agricultural wastes, straw and corn stover provides second generation fuels [1].
Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) was ground, passed through a 0.5 mm sieve, and pyrolyzed. Fast pyrolysis was accomplished at 500 °C and the residence time was regulated at 1.63 s by an inert nitrogen gas flow. Then, 2 kg of biomass was fed into the fluidized-bed fast pyrolysis reactor and held for 1 h. The nitrogen gas in the reactor was maintained at a flow rate of 50 L/min. The volatile pyrolytic products were cooled and condensed to a liquid phase bio-oil with an average yield of 48.3 wt% [19].