Public Health in Practice
opinionated Essay
1704 words
Section 1: Public Health and Public Health Practices/Investigations Public health is the discipline and skill for preventing diseases and injuries, extending the lifespan and endorsing wellbeing through structured public work, the control of communicable diseases, the union of medical and nursing facilities for the prompt identification and disease prevention, teaching individual health and to make sure a standard of living suitable for the conservation of health (Breslow et al, 2002).. Public health focuses the health of the people completely than the treatment of individuals (Beaglehole et al, 2004). The public health principles are meant for the public and other institutions that have a public health mission. Individuals and institutions that are not within the traditional public health but whom their activities have an impact on the health community find the code useful. The principles are used to recognize the risk causes and demonstrate the association amongst the three aspects that affect the incidence and prevention of disease. These factors are: Host, or the person or population with the disease; Agent, or the disease causing organism; and Environment, or location in which the host and agent interact. Understanding the incidence of disease is not sufficient to address preventive methods. The strategy needs to be comprehensive in three levels. Primary: Goal is to avoid proceedings that can cause result disease/injury, what can be done to avoid the disease/injury before the incident happens. Secondary: Goal is focused at changing the significances of events to avoid or lessen the severity of disease/injury. Tertiary: Aim is to limit long-term damages and disability. Passive strategies require no assistance or actions to th... ... middle of paper ... ...es, pp. 1-66. Jamison, DT 2006, World Bank & Disease Control Priorities Project, Disease control priorities in developing countries, New York: Oxford University Press. Lee, LM, Teutsch, ST, Thacker, SB & St. Louis, ME 2010, Ethics in Public Health Surveillance, Principles & Practice of Public Health Surveillance, pp.1-22 Nsubuga, P, White, ME, Thacker, SB, Anderson, MA, Blount, SB, Broome, CV, Chiller, TM, Espitia, V, Imtiaz, R, Sosin, D, Stroup, DF, Tauxe, RV, Vijayaraghavan, M & Trostle, M 2006, Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Interventions, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition, pp. 995-1016 Public Health Leadership Society, 2002, Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health, version 2.2, pp. 1-16 Smith, P & Hepple, B 2007, Public Health: Ethical Issues, London: Cambridge Publishers ltd.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that public health is the discipline and skill for preventing diseases and injuries, extending the lifespan and endorsing wellbeing through structured public work, the control of communicable diseases, union of medical and nursing facilities for the prompt identification and disease prevention, teaching individual health and to make sure a standard of living suitable for conservation of health.
- Explains that public health principles are meant for the public and other institutions that have a health mission. they recognize the risk causes and demonstrate the association between the three aspects that affect the incidence and prevention of disease.
- Opines that public health should address the vital causes of disease and necessities for health, which in turn aims to avoid adverse health consequences.
- Explains that public health practitioners scuffle to find a middle ground between population health benefits and financial profits or with respect to individuals' autonomy. political matters hinder with good practice.
- Opines that public health programmes should prioritize the health of vulnerable people and children, and ensure that unfair health inequalities are reduced and all member of the community have access to medical services.
- Opines that surveillance practitioners should clearly outline the reason for the collection of data and how the data collection activity will prevent disease, injury or premature morality or promote the health of the people.
- Explains that disclosures of data are governed by strict confidentiality and privacy norms. only non-identifiable surveillance data should be disclosed.
- Argues that the community and other stakeholders should be notified and engaged before the dissemination of surveillance data.
- Explains christoffel, t, and gallagher, ss 2005, injury prevention and public health, jones & bartlett.
- Explains that public health surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and timely dispersion of this data to individuals and organizations in charge of controlling and preventing disease and injury.
- Explains that public health surveillance provides various functions including the provision of factual and scientific database that are useful in guiding interventions. the various stages of public surveillance require surveillance practitioners to thoroughly reflect and review the ethical principles.
- Explains that public surveillance health system can be applied in different ways, such as targeting interventions and documenting the effects of interventions to the population.
- Cites baum, nm, gollust, se, and goold, sd, as well as beaglehole, bonita, horton, adams, o & mckee, m, 2004.
- Cites ivom, dm, teutsch, st, thacker, sb, anderson, ma, broome, cv, chiller, tauxe, rv, vijayaraghavan,
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- Comparing The Concepts Of Public Law And Public Healthopinionated essayLaw with regards to public health is a tool used to influence the norms for healthy behaviors whereas, public health deals with preventing and promoting whiles protecting the health of the people in a community including workplaces, schools and homes. Therefore, combining these two concepts (public health + law) gives regulations, decrees, agency rules and administrative and judicial rulings intended to benefit the health of defined populations. Having said that, its derivation is clearly seen in the meaning, which is constitutions made by the federal and state, also other legislative enactments, case law and policies from public bodies.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that public health + law gives regulations, decrees, agency rules, administrative and judicial rulings intended to benefit the health of defined populations.
- Explains that public health law evolved as a separate discipline when the promotion of health projects like health cities appeared to be steering the discipline back to society's social structure.
- Explains how countries like mozambique, nicaragua, and cuba expanded their coverage in terms of primary healthcare and greatly improved their population health indices.
- Explains that civil liberty concerns itself of the basic rights and freedoms that are guaranteed either explicitly identified in the bill of rights or in a constitution.
- Explains that the governments at the alma ata outlined eight levels of preemption as a goal for the health improvement for any future interventions.
- Opines that the government should be in a position to fully fund (100%) for some dreadful diseases through prevention campaigns, promoting healthier lifestyles, and educating the masses.
- Concludes that without public health care laws in our communities, societies would have been in a mess. however, certain laws need to be reinforced to safeguard the lives of the people, to avoid and protect the individual through educating the masses on disease prevention, controlling, and promotion health behavior.
1471 wordsRead More - Childhood Obesityanalytical essayUnited Stated Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Online Division. 17 March 2001. .
In this essay, the author
- Explains that obesity is on the rise in america, and other developing countries are not far behind. children rarely have the knowledge and control over their lifestyle to contribute to either health or obesity.
- Describes a variety of non-competitive and competitive activities appropriate for different ages and abilities.
- Explains that there is a national health crisis stemming from overweight individuals, including children. many varying schools of thought and research try to reverse the effects of poor lifestyle and the influence this has on obesity.
- Explains the prevalence of childhood obesity in the united states, stating that it's important to understand the psychological and physical effects of being overweight as a child.
- Argues that diet is the problem and should be addressed to control obesity. market appeal and convenience have changed what people view as acceptable food for consumption.
- Argues that increasing energy expenditure is the most effective treatment method in need of addressing childhood obesity. the national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion is aware of the positive health benefits of incorporation of exercise in one's life.
- States that the georgia prevention institute medical college of georgia has outlined some principles for the most optimal exercise activities for children.
- Argues that diet, exercise, and behavioral management techniques need to be implemented together to maintain a healthy weight and body tone.
- Explains that the dietary component of interventions should provide for parental involvement and behavior modification and environmental modification. the energy expenditure component should emphasize continuous, vigorous exercise rather than short-burst competitive activities.
- Explains that physical activity and fitness are important factors in the prevention of obesity in children.
- Cites allison, david b., and f. xavier pi-sunyer in obesity treatment. blackburn, george l. and beatrice s. kanders.
2523 wordsRead More - TB diagnosis and Treatmentexplanatory essay...Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 May 2014. .
In this essay, the author
- Advises people to monitor their health and be aware of tb infection. if you have unexplained weight loss, night sweat, fever, fatigue, chest pain and coughing for weeks, you should go see the doctor.
- Explains that there are two types of tb infection: latent and active.
- Explains the two most commonly used tests for tb, namely a skin test and blood test. negative test results can be false negatives or false positives.
- Explains that doctors can use blood tests to test the immune system's reaction to tb bacteria to confirm or invalidate the infection.
- Explains that the xpert mtb/rif test can detect tb bacteria and drug-resistance in two hours even if the patient is hiv positive.
- Explains that medications can be used to prevent disability and death from tb infections and reduce the spread of infections to other individuals.
- Explains that patients with latent tb infections have fewer amounts of bacteria in their bodies, which makes treating a bacterial infection much easier than treating an active one.
- Explains that there are three tb treatment phases for active patients. the initial treatment requires a two-month-regimen and the continuation phase requires four to seven months of treatment.
- Explains that it is important for tb patients to finish their medications exactly as the doctor prescribed. if the patients don't listen to the doctors, the bacteria in their body may survive and lead to resistance to those medications.
- Explains that the drugs for treating tb infections could be toxic to the liver, so symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, yellow color of your skin, unexplained fever over three days, and dark urine are the signals of liver disease.
- Cites youtube's "diagnosing active tb." centers for disease control and prevention, 28 oct. 2011.
- Explains the who's xpert mtb/rif test and the centers for disease control and prevention’s misdiagnosis of tuberculosis.
931 wordsRead More - Analysis Of Jeffrey P. Kooplananalytical essayThe epidemiologists in the article and the epidemiologists in the book both use scientific and investigative methods to discover the source of an epidemic and determine the route of prevention that will satisfy the comprehensive interests of public health. Without these types of public health workers, it is likely that there would eventually be a massive increase of infections, and a rise in disease fatalities to the point where the entire fabric of society may become unhinged and cause panic to
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- Analyzes how beating back the devil connects back to the field of public health in the form of epidemiology. it provides detailed accounts of the lives of cdc's epidemic intelligence service officers during their work with infectious diseases.
- Explains the elimination of end-measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome from the western hemisphere; the us experience.
- Explains that it is important to monitor all virus eradication even after the target disease has been declared eradicated.
- Describes a study conducted to compare two different tuberculosis treatments in patients suffering from the human immunodeficiency virus.
- Describes jeffrey p. koplan as an epidemiologist in maryn mckenna's book, which describes the kind of epidemiologic activities involved in the study of disease and the evaluation of processes used to stop the spread of infection.
- Explains that the article is connected to the public health branch of epidemiology because it describes the work needed to ensure continued eradication of a disease and protect the health of future generations.
- Explains that the article connects back to the public health branch of epidemiology because it stresses the importance of finding alternative routes of disease prevention for individuals who may not be cleared for a routine vaccine injection.
1802 wordsRead More - Mary Louise Fleming, E. P. (2009). Introduction to Public Health. Chatswood, NSW, Australia: Elsevier Australia.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that healthiness, disease, disability, and ultimately death are influenced by human biology, lifestyle and environmental factors.
- Explains that mr. a has several risk factors that all have a negative impact on his health. he is morbidly obese, weighing in at 168kg, and his wife works part time in the local super market.
- Explains that upstream factors are the most fundamental determinants of health. they include everything from environmental and economic factors to social and physical factors.
- Explains that mr. a's descent from the pacific islands came with consequences regarding his health. he is morbidly obese and has type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
- Explains that many levels of prevention can be taken to reduce the risk of the occurrence or reoccurrence of a myocardial infarction.
- Explains that people born into pacific islander descent have a lower social determinant of health, with high risks of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and much more.
- Analyzes how mr. a's risk factors, upstream and downstream factors and the level of prevention contributed to his result of myocardial infarction.
- Cites the australian medical association's position statement on social determinants of health and prevention of health inequities.
- Cites gilbert wergowske, p. l., "health and health care of elders from native hawaiian and other pacific islander backgrounds".
1271 wordsRead More - Anti-Smoking Policyexplanatory essayRocha, C. M., Gomez-Arias, R. D., & Padron, G. J. (2011). International public health: Between
In this essay, the author
- Explains that a smoke-free university policy must consider the following factors: bans on smoking, anti-smoking ads, public lectures, and the age of the spokespeople.
- Opines that anti-smoking ads should have captivating themes, which will attract students to read the messages on the ads. public lectures that focus on both the short and long-term effects of smoking can be incorporated into the policy.
- Explains that the new public health approach is different from the old one in a number of ways.
- Explains that the new public health system has been made to fiddle with the demands of dynamic and complex economic, cultural, and social processes that go beyond borders. variations in the populations’ health status have shown that old health paradigms are not able to explain and deal with health.
- Explains that sociological issues affect a person's state of health, such as socioeconomic status, working conditions, cultural background, and poverty. influential and high-class people have quick access to expensive medical care.
- Explains that working conditions can affect a person's general health, as well as the cultural background of the person.
- Explains that in policy development and change, the power concept is typically used and thought of as the ability to influence or enable a team member to do something that he/she would not have done.
- Explains that decision-making power focuses on actions of groups and individuals that influence policy decisions. non-decision making power is exerted when one devotes energy to forming political and social values and practices.
- Explains that obesity is a sensitive health concern that has to be addressed with caution to avoid shame and stigmatization to the victims. the campaign should include professional health and fitness experts in tv commercials to create helpful policies affecting societal adjustment.
- Explains that a policy cycle is an ideal model used during an analysis of the development of an item.
- Explains that a policy cycle ensures proper communication across government departments, stakeholders, and groups to warrant consistency in policy activities and positions.
- Cites bridgman, davis, and davis (2004). the australian policy handbook.
- Describes colebatch, h. k., and crows nest's beyond the policy cycle: the policy process in australia.
- Opines that epstein, r. a., in defense of the "old" public health: the legal framework for the case.
- Explains fischer, miller, and sidney's handbook of public policy analysis: theory.
- Analyzes foleno, l. a., a critical review of selected literature on college student unrest in the us.
- Explains that holosko, h. j., and feit, m. d. (1997). health and poverty.
- Cites kazmi, n., "models of policy making and the concept of power in policy."
- Cites kosa, j., and zola, i. k. in poverty and health: a sociological analysis.
- Explains lupton, d., the imperative of health: public health and the regulated body.
- Cites puhl, r., peterson, j.
- Describes rocha, c. m., gomez-arias, r. d. and padron, g. j.
1749 wordsRead More - Healthcare Reforms and Nursingopinionated essayThrough the period in which the modules were being developed, meetings and workshops continued the discussion begun in Washington. These incorporated a working group on ethics and public health at The Hastings Center, a summer workshop on ethics and public health co-sponsored by the University of Minnesota Center for Bioethics and The Hastings Center, and symposium workshops on training ethics in public health at annual meetings of both the American Public Health Association and the American Society for...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that all their colleagues have a great impression on their research about healthcare reform. they all agree on the nature of how magnet hospitals work and how effective the effects on patient care.
- Explains that experts in ethics and public health were recruited to write the modules after the counseling group meeting. the input of the practice community was critical to the quality and credibility.
- Explains that meetings and workshops continued the discussion begun in washington. these included a working group on ethics and public health at the hastings center, and symposium workshops on training ethics.
- Opines that public health ethics and bioethics have strong affinities and relations. the individualistic orientation of clinical medicine and the social or population-based viewpoint of public healthcare differ.
- Explains that achieving these results when discussing public health ethics requires careful planning and background preparation by the discussion leader or facilitator.
- Recommends devising a strategy for analyzing ethical questions in concrete cases or situations to keep the participant's thinking focused and moving forward.
- Recommends the following six steps or tasks to complete during each module. completing these tasks is one way to provide a structure for discussion and to keep it focused.
- Opines that their co-workers have a number of questions that should be the focus of future research in the area.
844 wordsRead More - Influenza Virus' Economic and Social Disruption to Societycomparative essayNational Institute of Medicine (2007) Ethical and legal considerations in mitigating pandemic disease Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54163/
In this essay, the author
- Opines that this is a necessary step to quickly identify and respond to the virus. health officials can access information via electronic health records on reported cases at the emergency rooms as well as individuals at greatest risk.
- Recommends early warning of the avian flu to minimize the health effects of a pandemic. information should be quickly disseminated through schools, colleges, religious institutions, employers, and health alerts via text messaging from the new york health department.
- Explains that faith ministry and non-for-profit organizations can be asked to help with food distribution for people who are not financially prepared to make purchases.
- Explains that hospitals can become overwhelmed especially after the public has been informed. triage centers can be used to monitor vital signs, non-pharmaceutical interventions, and reporting to the local hospital on the community response and success of the interventions.
- Cites cdc's community strategy for pandemic influenza mitigation in the united states.
- Cites the national institute of medicine's ethical and legal considerations in mitigating pandemic disease.
- Explains that the influenza virus is a unique respiratory viral disease that can have serious economic and social disruption to society.
- Recommends isolation at home for all confirmed individuals with the virus, including other family members and children, and ventilation masks to all members of the household.
837 wordsRead More - Public Health and Continuous Quality Improvmentexplanatory essayMorrison, E. E. (2011). Ethics in health administration. pp. 33,48. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett .
In this essay, the author
- Explains that public health promotes physical and mental health and prevents disease, injury, and disability in the united states. performance management and continuous quality improvement are essential and ethical practices of protecting public safety and saving lives in times of crisis.
- Explains that the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) and the robert woods johnson foundation (rwjf) have outlined the essential public health services to support cqi implementation.
- Explains that the goals of cqi are congruent with the precepts of accreditation, making them ideal components of any public health system.
- Describes the benefits of improving staff morale and visibility because of accreditation standards.
- Explains that there must be concrete and proven methods to measure success and policies to correct deficiencies.
- Explains the ethical consideration of confidentiality when compiling patient data for analysis. hipaa laws are specific and subject to legal implications when violating its tenets.
- Cites the centers for disease control and prevention's press release on the new accreditation opportunity for state, local, and tribal health departments.
849 wordsRead More - Essay On Public Healthopinionated essayISSUES, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD There remains considerable gap between the health HR in position and that required for public health sector. This shortage is attributed to delays in recruitment and postings not being based on work-load or sanctions. Lack of sound HR management policies has also resulted in irrational distribution of available HR and suboptimal motivation. The envisioned public health cadre to manage NRHM and NUHM (or now National Health Mission) is not yet in place.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that there is a significant gap between the health hr in position and that required for public health sector. lack of sound hr management policies has resulted in irrational distribution of available hr and suboptimal motivation
- Opines that insufficient public health focus is a major weakness of the system and must be urgently corrected.
- Opines that the availability of skilled hr remains a key constraint in expanding health service delivery. an expansion of public sector medical schools and public health institutions is necessary.
- Explains that the norms for public health service providers were set long ago and are considered inadequate according to today’s requirements and expectations. even those under iphs need to be revised periodically based on the rapidly changing modern times.
- Opines that the shortfall of doctors and specialists is a serious issue. availability of public health functionaries is very low. absenteeism and attrition rates are high.
- Opines that medical and public health education and trainings are not need-based and their curricula are unrealistic. orientation and re-orientation programmes are irregular and non-periodic.
- Opines that most states/uts do not have a separate directorate of public health, with their own dedicated budget and workforce, own career path & incentives, promotional and growth prospects.
- Opines that holistic and proactive planning is needed in all states/uts across the country to cover the entire public health system from apex to grass roots levels.
- Opines that the funding for public health system and its cadre needs to be dedicated and substantial.
- Opines that the legislative and regulatory bodies for public health services (such as the public health act) need to be established uniformly throughout the country.
- Opines that there is no robust and continued appraisal for their orientation trainings towards administrative and management roles and towards examining health issues from a broader, population-wide perspective.
- Explains that once a public health cadre is formed, it would require further shaping and upgrading. further strengthening of health hr at all levels will be desired, with timely and adequate recruitment and training.
- Opines that public health cadre related research is sparse and further studies would yield significant data and useful information for scientific and applied applications.
- Opines that to facilitate the convergence and development of public health systems that are responsive to the health and well-being of the people, it is important to recognise the need for a comprehensive strategy.
878 wordsRead More