In India, English has been in use for more than four centuries. Its presence was established by traders of the East India Company so it was first the language of the early merchants, missioners and settlers. English became the official and academic language of India by the early twentieth century. The rising of the nationalist movement in the 1920's that attempted to introduce Hindi as the National language of India brought some anti-English sentiment, especially in the non-Hindi-speaking states, but they would even present their resistance primarily in English. It was decided then to temporarily maintain English for official purposes. Once independence was gained and the British were gone, English continued to be widely used, and in fact, the new constitution makers deliberated and wrote the Indian Constitution in the English language. The large group of English varieties that mainly evolved out from British English is called the Indian English. Indian English includes all former colonial areas like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. These varieties preserve several features of pronunciation, grammar, and semantics from the native languages of India; according to a research of the University of Stuttgart , there are “over 1 billion people and over 80 languages in India: 35% Hindi, 7% Bengali, 7% Marathi, 7% Telugu, 6% Tamil, 5% Gujarati, 5% Urdu, 4% Oriya, 3% Kannada, 3% Malayalam, 3% Punjabi, 1% Assamese, 1% Kashmiri etc.” In terms of phonology, there is a large regional variation within Indian English. The different areas of India have very distinct pronunciation patterns of the Indian English; in like manner, there are different regional accents of English in Britain. There are many cases of Indianisms when comparing I... ... middle of paper ... ... or modify their worldviews. Works Cited http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/thomas-l-friedman-reporting-accent-neutralization.htm http://www.waseda.jp/ocw/AsianStudies/9A-77WorldEnglishSpring2005/Assignments/08_India_TejKB/Indian%20English.pdf http://books.google.com.co/books?id=H8dtjSeWSigC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285&dq=attitudes+from+RP+speakers+towards+indian+english&source=bl&ots=qQrva3ic3n&sig=yZtLmmkoEd1tI-mRwA3hyqUiWvE&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=fH23UpzvLMXZkQen8YGICQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=attitudes%20from%20RP%20speakers%20towards%20indian%20english&f=false http://www.accu.or.jp/appreb/09/pdf33-2/33-2P005-007.pdf http://www.languageinindia.com/junjul2002/baldridgeindianenglish.html http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/annika.html#chapter9 http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d13_Safr_Ind.pdf
The United States is stuck in a conflict between keeping the tradition of multiculturalism and diversity, and assimilating into one singular culture. Caught in the middle of this struggle is language. Currently the United States does not have an official language, even though many governmental organizations try to pass legislation making English the official American language. The Cambridge Dictionary states that the definition of an official language is, ¨the language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country 's government, is taught in schools, used in the courts of law, etc” (¨Official Language¨ 1). This means that if the United States government establishes English as the official language, all government funded events
English is a foreign language but since the British came to India the language has an impact on several fields in education, literary effort and as a medium of communication. Indian English Literature refers to that body of work by writers from India, who writes in the English language and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous regional and indigenous languages of India. English literature in India is also linked with the works of writers of the Indian Diaspora born in India but residing elsewhere. A pioneer of this literature was Raja Ram Mohan Roy whose prose works is note worthy. There were poets who are considered the first of the Indian English
Introduction: It is evident in the history that the origin of the English and Bangla languages is Indo-European language family. But with the passage of time, these two languages had undergone a lot of changes. Although English was dominated by Greek and Latin, Bangla had been greatly influenced by English, specially in some areas of grammar during the British regime in the Indo-Pak subcontinent. However, the earlier Bangla grammar was based on Sanskrit grammar. In English, the term ‘grammar’ comes from Greek meaning ‘study of words’, whereas the Bangla equivalent of the term is Ôe¨vKiYÕ /bækɔrɔn/ which receives the meaning ‘analysis’. The subject of this study is the comparative analysis of the structure of simple declarative sentences/statements
After the independence, India became a nation state and it was planned that English would no longer be used as the language of administration, but they did not know which language would replace it. Their first choice was Hindi which is the most common spoken language in India, but after a violent protest the option was put down. After the violent protest English was then kept as the language of administration. Choosing a single national language for more than 900 million people with over 1000 languages was very difficult.
The way people speak English is primarily affected by where and from whom they learned to speak it. In many cases,
Sethi.J. and Dhamija.P.V. A Course in Phonetics and Spoken English. Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2007.
Not all individuals who speak a specific language communicate that language in the exact same way. A language may be divided into several diverse dialects. Three things are required for a brand new tongue to evolve: the passage of time, a collection of individuals that live near each other, and the segregation of this group from other groups.
The central costal Andhra dialect is perceived as the standard dialect. The striking difference in the standard dialect of coastal Andhra Pradesh and Rayalaseema dialect is the discourse style. The speech community of Rayalaseema dialect is more casual conversation like whereas the coastal Andhra dialect is formal in nature. Since there is an assimilation of Sanskrit words into Telugu, coastal Andhra dialect attempts to pronounce them in a more Sanskrit manner than the Ray...
"Varieties of English: American and British." Switched On Schoolhouse. CD-ROM Rock Rapids, Michigan Alpha Omega Publications 2008.
This paper studies the differences between British English and American English, is divided into three chapters pronunciation, letters, culture and so on. These three characteristics are primarily to discuss the differences between the two. In addition, this study will also be in the USA now cultural, social phenomenon as the background, in-depth analysis of the differences between the two, to increase its readers understanding of both. Pronunciation: all around the world, English accents are different, but this is not a serious problem, as long as the general spends some time, probably can easily habits around the accent. Just think, even in the same country, the same language or pronunciation and tone may be different, like American of eastern and southern people speak English sounds are very different, so much more people from different countries? British English and American English have its significant difference, the pronunciation, the retroflex as an example, both British English or American English, when in the vowel before, the speaker will send a sound, but if appear after a vowel, British people generally don't send sound, but to speak American English people will be retroflex clearly.
The basic purpose of introducing English language was to accomplish trade with India and other countries in east. Primarily the British people tried to learn Indian languages so that they could communicate with Indians. They also started special colleges for this purpose. Meanwhile, they also took the help of the translators. But with the rise of their political powers, they created the British Indian provinces like Bengal, Madras and Bombay. After that more importance was given to English instead of Indian languages by the foreign traders. Later on, the East India Company took the duty of the education in India. Nearly in 1830s the Indian middle class people realized importance of English and its requirement for secure future in government
How does the other feature of Indian English reflect in actual oral conversation? Is there flexibility or what factors motivates this disparity and how can they be
British English is spoken in the British Isles, which includes the United Kingdom and Ireland is the original dialect of English. It is considered more formal and traditional than other English dialects. There are a few regional dialects that differ depending on which country in the Isles you are in however there is a great deal of uniformity in the written language with most contrasts found in the spoken language. The Voices project conducted by the British Broadcasting Company and the University of Leeds shows how pronunciation and use of words and slang differs by region in the United Kingdom. The University of Leeds, who have previously done work on the English dialect during the 1950’s, collected the data, which include questionnaires
Even though there are advantages as well as disadvantages, the need for international language for communication, politics, economics and security is necessary and English is the best “language candidate” for that function. English is a language spread all over the world and it is used by millions and millions of speakers. According to my opinion, people should use English as a tool to communicate with all cultures but every country must keep their culture and language is a great part of it. In conclusion, language defines identity of a country and everyone should keep their language and explore others.
English spreads widely in each countries, no matter the area of region or information transfer, English becomes an important position in global language. As the specification of a global language, it essentially refers to a language that learned and spoken internationally, so English can be the most out-standing. According to the number of English-speaking calculations, English is the official language used by most countries, English is the most widely used second language in the world, and the percentage of web pages with English content is estimated to be over 50% (Crystal, 2003). Meanwhile, the history and usefulness cause English to be a global language, and they mainly influence to spread English faster in China and to bring convenience