Background
In the past, Brunei used to be under British rule according to the British-Brunei Protectorate Treaty in 1888. This treaty signed by two countries established the Residential System which the main objective of this system was to make the Brunei administrative system to be more western by giving the complete authority to the British to take control over Brunei administration, especially in foreign policy of Brunei. This made Brunei administration belonged to the hand of Britain.
According to this system, the British would basically set up ‘Resident’ as the Britain's representative whose advices must be taken as well as acted upon by Sultan. Brunei has always been under the Islamic monarchy which the highest authority of the country belongs to Sultan but, it turned out that Sultan under the Residential system was likely to be just the symbol of the unity of Brunei lacking of real executive power. It was said that Sultan’s freedom and ability to act and decide were limited by the administrative authority of the Resident. The only executive power of Sultan that could be counted as the real executive power at that time was probably the authority to manage society and people. Sultan could appoint the District Councils to be his representatives dealing with local interests of each district in Brunei that included Brunei-Muara District council, Belait District Council, Temburong District Council, and Tutong District Council. Those kinds of administrative system made Sultan became supreme only in the name. Brunei at that time also had the government, but the government had very limited power. Some said Bruneian government at that time rarely had power. Under the Residential System, there was a constitution, but the usa...
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The British wanted to run the territories it acquired during the war so they created
Asia Policy 10, 144-151. Retrieved from NBR The National Bureau of Asian Research website: http://www.nbr.org/
Moodie, Graeme C. The Government of Great Britain. New York: Thomas U. Crowell Company. 1964.
The United Kingdom is a democratic constitutional monarchy, with a system of government often known as the Westminster Model. It has been used as a model of governance in many countries, and undoubtedly indirectly inspired many more.
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state has a different approach to foreign lands as it was in the pre-colonial era. Today, Britain
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NAZ, M. E. (2003). ORIGIN, IDEAS AND PRACTICE OF NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT:LESSONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Asian Affairs , 33.
...r pillars of public administration are equally important in the process of public administration and complement one another in the provision of quality public service. When public administrators have economy in mind they focus on the best combination of available resources to provide optimum public service. To ensure that public service is not limited to only a section of the public, the issue of equity is taken into consideration so that public interest is realized. Efficiency and effectiveness additionally go hand in hand in ensuring that allocated resources are used in the best possible manner to attain set goals. Thus whereas the first three public administration pillars – Economy, efficiency and effectiveness are concerned with how public service is provided the fourth and most recent addition (Equity) concerns with for whom public service is provided.
Ohemeng, Frank, L.K. and Leone, Robert P. “Should Public Sector be RUN like a Business.” Approaching Public Administration. Edmond Montgomery Publications Limited, (2011), P. 1-362.
The British first came in the late 1700s. In the late 18th century, the British East India Company traded in and partially controlled India. When Malaya caught their attention, they began to look for a base in Malaya. The British under Francis Light had occupied Penang and founded Georgetown.