Psychology of Dreams
To many people, dreams are the thoughts that occur while sleeping, having almost mystic qualities. For millennia the significance of dreams has escaped even the brightest of philosophers and intellectuals. Many people have speculated about why people dream and what meanings the dreams have but in recent times two theories have gained credibility in answering those questions. The first theory is Sigmund Freuds and the other is known as the cognitive theory of dreams also known as biological determinism.
Freud presented his theory about dreams in the book The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899. In it he sets out to prove "there is a psychological technique which makes it possible to interpret dreams" and that interpretation has a significant meaning to "waking life" (Freud 35). Freuds theory not a new theory; Joseph interprets Pharaohs dream in Genesis 41 of the Bible. Though even in the Bible dreams are given a mysterious quality, Freud states that logical thought can identify both obvious and hidden meaning in dreams. To interpret the dreams, the subject must be three things: comfortable, relaxed, and open-minded. To relax and be comfortable the subject should lie down and close his or her eyes. Closing the eyes also helps increase concentration on thoughts. Next, the subject must say everything that comes to mind and not reject certain thoughts because they may seem unimportant. Freud calls this process "free association" because by having thoughts follow thoughts, associations can be seen between two seemingly unrelated subjects (Freud 133-134).
Once the patient is ready to talk about the dream the person analyzing the dream asks certain questions to get more information about the dream, a techni...
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After moving to Washington D.C. Barton began working as a clerk in the US Patent Office becoming the first woman to receive a government job and have a salary equal to a man’s. However her position was soon reduced to a copyist and then eliminated entirely.
Clara Barton was born on December 25, 1821 (Cobb, 2014). Her full name is Clarissa Harlowe Barton and she grew up in North Oxford, Massachusetts (Cobb, 2014). When she was young she was constantly found helping and taking care of others, whether it be her brothers and sisters or neighbors according to the article Barton, Clara. She was taught to read by her sisters and taught mat by her brother (Cobb, 2014). Clara also for a time was a teacher. She taught in a town called Bordentown, New Jersey and raised enrollment from six students to six hundred students by offering to teach for free so that parents did not have to pay in order to send their children to school. She probably would have continued to teach except for the fact that when the town chose a principal they passed over her and chose a male. She then resign from the school (“Clara Barton Biography,” 2014). She then for a time worked the as a clerk in Washington, D.C. in the Patent Office until harassment and new presidency left her without a job ("Blood facts and,”).
This article provided a brief biography of Clara Barton, to include, her experiences on the battlefield as a nurse during the Civil War and a brief outline of her accomplishments after the war.
Barton’s training to become a hero started at a young age. She was brought up by her father, Capt. Steven Barton, a member of a local militia, who never actually attained the rank of captain. Her mother, Sarah Barton, was strict and industrious, and instilled the values of hard work into her children (Pryor 5). Barton’s tenure as a hero began early. When her brother, David, fell off the roof while building a barn and sustained serious internal injuries, Clara, who was just 11 years old at the time, took care of him and nursed him back to health (Krensky 18-20). This experience spurred Clara’s heroism, which would escalate during the Civil War. Clara Barton also set a precedent for women in the workforce. Barton started worked as a teacher for more than a dozen years before becoming the first female clerk in the U.S. Patent Office (Manning 121). Barton broke barriers as a woman in a male-dominated career, which opened the door for her heroism to shine, as she broke barriers in the Civil War
Clara Barton was known as one of the most honored women in American history. She was among the first women to gain employment in the federal government. She worked as a recording clerk in the U.S. Patent Office in Washington, D.C. when the first united of federal troops came into the city. She devoted her personal assistance to the men in uniform, some who had already been wounded, hungry, or were without bedding and clothing. She also started providing supplies to the young men of the Sixth Massachusetts Infantry who had been ambushed in Baltimore in the uncompleted Capitol building. She helped them write letters, and pray with them.
Clara Barton made a very great impact on the war. Clara Barton, who originally was a recording clerk, jumped into action when federal troops came into her city. The troops were injured, hungry, and hardly clothed. Barton cared for the Union soldiers by bringing them food, clothes, and supplies for the sick. Besides helping supply the soldier’s needs, Barton also provided emotional support for the men. She was able to help the men keep up their spirits and hope. Ways she comforted them was reading, praying for them, listening to their problems, and writing letters for their loved ones. Barton was able to develop a volunteer group and gather supplies for the future when soldiers were in need. Barton not only wanted to help the soldiers in her town, but the soldiers on the battlefield. She approached the leaders in the government and asked for permission to supply the army with medical service and support. Permission to help Union soldiers on the battlefield was granted to her. Later after the battle of Cedar Mountain, Barton arrived. She arrived at the battlefield with a wagon full of supplies for the soldiers. The surgeons helping the soldiers were surprised and declared “she was an angel sent to them”.
Fondly referred to as the "angel of the battlefield" (The Encyclopedia Britannica Online), Clara Barton served as one of the greatest humanitarians this country has ever known. Persistent beyond belief, Clara employed her remarkable interpersonal skills to teach unruly school children, to collect supplies to send to the battlefront, and to struggle to form the American Red Cross. An equal rights advocate, her most memorable successes consisted of improvements in education, foreign aid, and blacks' and women's rights. This American heroine, whose efforts and bravery have become legendary, worked diligently to reach her ideal: "creating the vigilant social conscience which alone can safeguard individual liberty from the assaults of its enemies and make a nation great in its own eyes, as well as in the estimation of a critical world" (Joyce 1959, p.96).
Contemporary Psychology, 36, 575-577. Freud, S. (1961). The Species of the World. The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud. London: The Hogarths.
Clarissa Harlowe Barton, born on December 25, 1821, in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Carissa (Clara) was born the youngest of five children to Sarah and Steven Barton. Clara received all of her schooling and life training from her parents, brothers and sisters. Her father who was a once a captain in a war, taught Clara all he knew about the battlefield. Her mother taught her to sew and cook. Her two older sisters Sally and Dorothy taught her to read before she was four years old. Her brother Stephen taught her arithmetic and David her eldest brother taught her everything else; for instance, how to ride anything on anything with four legs, how to shoot a revolver, how to balance and how to take care of and nurse animals. (OTQEF, 1999, p.1) When Clara was 11 years old her favorite brother David, fell from the roof of the barn while trying to fix it, he was seriously injured and was not expected to live. Clara offered to help him and stayed by his side for three years. Her brother recovered thanks to Clara’s help. These learning experiences gave Clara the drive and determination to achieve anything she set out...
Born on December 25, 1921, Clara grew up in a family of four children, all at least 11 years older than her (Pryor, 3). Clara’s childhood was more of one that had several babysitters than siblings, each taking part of her education. Clara excelled at the academic part of life, but was very timid among strangers. School was not a particularly happy point in her life, being unable to fit in with her rambunctious classmates after having such a quiet childhood. The idea of being a burden to the family was in Clara’s head and felt that the way to win the affection of her family was to do extremely well in her classes to find the love that she felt was needed to be earned. She was extremely proud of the positive attention that her achievement of an academic scholarship (Pryor, 12). This praise for her accomplishment in the field of academics enriched her “taste for masculine accomplishments”. Her mother however, began to take notice of this and began to teach her to “be more feminine” by cooking dinners and building fires (Pryor, 15). The 1830’s was a time when the women of the United States really began to take a stand for the rights that they deserved (Duiker, 552). Growing up in the mist of this most likely helped Barton become the woman she turned out to be.
..., an organization that provides emergency assistance and disaster relief inside the United States, and becomes its first president. At the age of 77, she worked at hospitals in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Finally, April 12, 1912 she died at the age of 90 in Glen Echo, Maryland. Clara Barton was a humanitarian, feminist, and nurse whose efforts in the Civil War and throughout her life saved countless lives. (Yancey, Diane)
At the age of 18, Miss Barton became a schoolteacher. She taught at numerous different schools around Massachusetts. Clara noticed in one particular town that many of the students did not attend school that greatly distressed her. She wanted all children to have the same educational opportunity that she had when she was growing up. Eventually, Barton started her own school. It was free. However, she did not stay there for a long period of time. Clara only taught for a matter of ten years, teaching had exhausted Barton and she longed for a change in her life. She left the teaching field to move onto another field. Barton moved to Washington DC and she became a clerk in the US Patent Office.
Freud, S., Strachey, J., Freud, A., Rothgeb, C., & Richards, A. (1953). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (1st ed.). London: Hogarth Press.
The aim of this essay is to clarify the basic principles of Freud’s theories and to raise the main issues.
Despite the large amount of time we spend asleep, surprisingly little is actually known about sleeping and dreaming. Much has been imagined, however. Over history, sleep has been conceived as the space of the soul, as a state of absence akin to death, as a virtual or alternate reality, and more recently, as a form of (sub)consciousness in which memories are built and erased. The significance attributed to dreams has varied widely as well. The Ancient Greeks had surprise dream encounters with their gods. Native Americans turned to their dreams for guidance in life. Shamans dreamed in order to gather information from the spirits.