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Science in the age of enlightenment
The influence of the enlightenment on science
Science in the age of enlightenment
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1. What was the Enlightenment attitude toward science and how did this influence psychology’s history?
The major impact on science in the Enlightenment was the request of confirmation of exploratory perceptions through the investigative system. Before the edification, exploratory information was recognized to be dependent upon what master said, a whole lot like stating "If the Bible said it was thus, it was so". Doctors utilized the books of Galen and others to perform surgeries and for their information of the human form, yet their graphs were regularly based upon dismemberments of creatures and extrapolations to people, so they were extremely mistaken. That is the reason Michelangelo dug up as of late dead forms to study musculature for his depictions. These emotions are what guided Wundt's endeavors in the 1880s to discovered trial brain science. Since the start of brain science, there has been an exertion to make perceptions more targets with the intention that comes about might be recreated and the exploratory strategy could be emulated.
2. Compare and contrast Wundt and Galton
Galton was entranced by distinctions between individuals, and was the first to apply measurable techniques to the investigation of human contrasts and legacy of knowledge, while Wundt was more inquisitive and jumped at the chance to do down to earth work more that hypothetical and he improved the first research facility that was utilized for exploratory research.
3. Explain why Descartes is considered (a) a rationalist and (b) a nativist
Realism is the conviction that we can have learning without encountering this present reality, while nativist is the conviction that we can just have information dependent upon this present reality. Descartes ac...
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...t be depicted as the impact things have on certain individuals.
Berkeley's contention for essential characteristics of forms being simply plans, and henceforth, for there being no qualification between essential and optional characteristics of figures, depends upon an elucidation of what Locke implies by an auxiliary nature of a figure. By an auxiliary nature of a form, consistent with Berkeley, Locke implies a thought. Be that as it may, Locke, notwithstanding, recognized between characteristics of figures, which were powers of forms to generate plans, and thoughts. On account of essential characteristics of figures, such qualities were both aspects "in" forms and powers of figures to transform plans in brains. Along these lines, for instance, shape was both a trademark "in" a form and additionally a force of a figure to handle a thought of shape in a personality.
Penfield’s recherce and brain stimulation he was able to map the brain and its functional organization in living people. During his experiments he found that sending a shock to certain parts of the brain would have different reactions. By using this method Penfield was able to find the cause of epilepsy seizers and destroy it. In one case the patient would smell burnt toast right before a seizer, he used this knowledge to probe the limbic system to recreate the smell. None of this would have been possible without the map he created, the map was so influential that it is still used today. However, we no longer need to cut open the skull to see what inside, thanks to modern medicine MRIs are used to see what’s going on in our
Chapter 4 discusses the several states of consciousness: the nature of consciousness, sleep and dreams, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Consciousness is a crucial part of human experience, it represents that private inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, pray, omagine, and quietly relive experiences. William James described the mind as a stream of consciousness, a continuous flow of changing sensations, images thoughts, and feelings. Consciousness has two major parts: awareness and arousal. Awareness includes the awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences. Arousal is the physiological state of being engaged with the environment. Theory of mind refers to individuals understanding that they and others think,
The human mind is one of the most complex structures the gods had created. It is difficult to understand each brain process as every human being possesses his or her own distinguished thought patterns with different levels of complexities. A person’s mind greatly influences his behavior, which eventually transforms into his habit by becoming embedded into his character. Today, the world of psychology tries to understand everything that a mind can create. However, even before the field of Psychology was introduced and brought into practice, some American writers threw a spotlight on the mechanism of the human brain in their works. On top of this list is an American writer, Edgar Allan
Realism is a theory that strives on competition between states. It is one of the oldest theory and it is also known as political realism. It is
in. Our ancestors passed on a mind that evolved with adaptive behavior that was geared to solve
Rieber, R. W. (2001). Wilhelm Wundt in history: the making of a scientific psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Realism, in philosophical terms, refers to the concept that there is a reality beyond our perception. This means that how we see things and what we believe about them has no impact on the nature of said things. For example an individual may see an object as blue and another see the same object to be red, this is merely a disagreement between both parties about how they should label the colour. This wouldn’t mean that both parties are discussing different objects, this shows that no matter what individual’s beliefs or thoughts on the real world are only ever approximations and do not accurately capture reality. (O’Brien, M and Yar, M, 2008)
The one instant I can pinpoint as the genesis of my interest in biomedical science was the winter of sixth grade, when I picked up a book on creativity and the brain. I found it fascinating, but what really struck me was that there was a several hundred page book that mostly talked about how little we knew about its topic. It made me think, too. This was supposed to be a book about how much we’ve learned, and what it’s saying is that the progress we’ve made is only in finding out how little we know. This didn’t upset me; it made me curious.
The realist school is based on the thought that human nature is not perfectible. Human nature is viewed as evil and something that cannot be trusted or counted on. In order to have a successful society the citizens need to be controlled by a strong sovereign government. This strong government would be the only thing able enough to control human nature and the evils it produces. If a strong central government did not exist a state of chaos would be created by the people of the land. One of the leading philosophers of the realist school was Thomas Hobbes. He elaborated on many of the concepts of realism.
Psychology started, and had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It then became an independent field of its own through the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology and structuralism. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. In 1875, a room was set-aside for Wundt for demonstrations in what we now call sensation and perception. This is the same year that William James set up a similar lab at Harvard. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are usually thought of as the fathers of psychology, as well as the founders of psychology?s first two great ?schools? Structuralism and Functionalism. Psychologist Edward B Titchner said; ?to study the brain and the unconscious we should break it into its structural elements, after that we can construct it into a whole and understand what it does.? (psicafe.com)
Materialist believe that only the physical exist, naturalist believe that we our born with ideas’, concepts, principals and knowledge. Locke found Descartes views of the physical world interesting However, at the same time he disagreed with Descartes’ opinion on the soul and innate ideas. Locke did not believe that the mind contained anything innate except certain capacities for some mental processes. To except this theory one would have to doubt that our feet or hands or anything we come in contact with may not exist.
The aim of this essay is to analyse four theoretical approaches to psychology, including psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and behavioural. Analysing each approach in detail and identifying key features the approach uses to explain human behaviour. This essay will also analyse how successful each approach is in it methods, evidence gathering techniques and analyse how it can be applied to giving reasons for particular human behaviours. As well as analysing each approaches failings in it theories, methods and evidence gathering techniques.
Over the course of this class I have pieced together many things about my own life that before went unnoticed. I am now able to see things in a bit of a different light. Now that I have been introduced to the realm of psychology I understand some of the reasons for behavior around me. I have learned that there is a reason for most everything and a lot of our behaviors and mental processes can be explained through psychology. Studies have been conducted for many years to try and pinpoint the source of our behavior and it is not something that most people think about every day. Having a better understanding of why we operate the way we do will help me to better understand myself and the others around me.
One can say or try and dissect the brain and try to figure what’s going on inside of it and that’s what Philophers today try to do that. Why is that why must the brain be dissected? This question is raised for the simple fact that Philophers really want to know why whats going on the human brain. This can also go back to “knowing” and believing in something. We will also take a look into emotion with a emphisis on facil expressions. Reading the human face could be a difficult task. Last but not least I will talk about the Philosphy of life and why it is important to have an outreach like that in life, futhermore this has an emphese on belief. Learning a lot this busy semester the topics above will be though out and discussed so that we can get a better understand of each of them.
“Arguments Concerning Scientific Realism” is Bas van Fraassen’s attack on the positive construction of science. He starts by defining scientific realism as the goal of science to provide a “literally true story of what the world is like;” and the “acceptance of a scientific theory” necessitates the “belief that it is true”. This definition contains two important attributes. The first attribute describes scientific realism as practical. The aim of science is to reach an exact truth of the world. The second attribute is that scientific realism is epistemic. To accept a theory one must believe that it is true. Van Fraassen acknowledges that a “literally true account” divides anti-realists into two camps. The first camp holds the belief that science’s aim is to give proper descriptions of what the world is like. On the other hand, the second camp believes that a proper description of the world must be given, but acceptance of corresponding theories as true is not necessary.