Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
4 theories of organisational culture
How does culture impact on an organisation
Organisational culture and structure
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: 4 theories of organisational culture
The term "psychological trap" is relatively new to me. The term bears resemblance to the notion of "psychic prisons" which I recently studied in Structure & Theory of Organizations. While the two ideas are not synonymous, they do share an overarching characteristic. Both are derived from personal frames of reference, our corporate cultures, occupational ritualism, and interaction with others. Further, depending upon the mindsets of individual employees and the evolution of their corporate culture, the shared reality of an organization may be more or less susceptible to the detriments of psychological traps.
One such occupational culture is municipal management. I believe that psychological traps gain strength in local government with frequency, which can be attributed to the unique characteristics of the workplace. Take into consideration that municipal management has no focus on making profit, and must also administer services and programs in a utilitarian manner to satisfy its constituents. Local government becomes a mosquito pool for these traps; a place where thinking stagnates, creativity is seldom required, and internal & external dynamics are so inert that innovation need not be a trademark quality.
The cyclical nature of many municipal functions also lends itself to encouraging traps. Take police contract negotiations, for example. Whether talks deteriorate into arbitration or not, negotiations always begin with either management or police laying out a proposed contract. This proposed contract, with well-formulated facts and figures, is where the art of compromise begins. Both sides are victims of anchoring, for when negotiations open, the previous contract is both factions' point of reference. Budgeting is probably the cyclical aspect of government that comes to most people's minds. Local governments are also burdened by being one of the few organizations that must maintain a balanced budget. Towns often find themselves in trouble when a once-reliable revenue source suddenly dries up, as Upper Merion did when its mercantile tax revenue plummeted post-September 11. Mercantile tax is levied from all retailers, and having the King of Prussia Mall within township lines bolsters this revenue source. However, relying too heavily upon the trends of past years caused the Township to be too overconfident in their revenue forecast, thus creating a shortfall when compared to expenditures. This case, of course, was rather unpredictable, but overconfidence traps can manifest in more than just budget forecasting.
Mediating the wants of the public can also leave a municipality prone to certain psychological traps.
The author analyzed the data by the misinformation effect paradigm, which demonstrated that the memories of eyewitnesses are altered after being exposed to incorrect information about an event - through leading questions or other forms of post-event information; and that memory is highly malleable and open to suggestion. The misinformation effect became one of the most influential and widely known effects in psychology, and Loftus’ early work on the effect generated hundreds of follow-up studies examining factors that improve or worsen the accuracy of memories, and to explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying the
After recounting her fifth story, Adichie begins to explain how every story radiates a sense of power. She defines power as "the ability not just to tell the story of another person, but to make it the definitive story of that person" (3). This is where the danger begins. Where dignity ends. Where equality becomes non-existent. Moreover, Adichie elaborates on the meaning of stereotypes. Before describing their outcome, she states that "the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete" (4). This is evident when Africa is perceived as a catastrophic country, yet the good in Africa is overlooked. As Adichie reaches the end of her speech, she expounds on the results of stories, be it one or many. That books can be used for good or evil. She claims, "Stories can break the dignity of a people. But stories can also repair that broken dignity" (5). For this reason, any narration, biography, or fable needs to be carefully crafted so as not to dispossess, defame, or destroy the dignity of a group of people. Overall, Adichie's three main statements create a strong argument that a single story is dangerous to the
During the retrieval process, memories are susceptible to influence and volatility by numerous other cognitive processes such as speculation, imagination, and other personal or outside beliefs. According to Myers and DeWall (2016), there is also a significant positive correlation between the frequency in retrieving the memory to the amount of change a memory may potentially sustain. For example, when an eyewitness is required to retrieve the memory of a crime numerous times, the story’s details are highly subject to change due to the numerous variables that oftentimes fill in the gaps of the fallible memory. In a study conducted by researcher Elizabeth Loftus, different faces were presented to a sample of individuals on a platform similar to that of a police lineup (Myers & DeWall, 2016). After mildly familiarizing her audience to the suspect’s face, Loftus then added two novel faces with similar characteristics. Upon seeing the actual suspect moments earlier, the majority of individuals had chosen the wrong picture (Myers & DeWall, 2016), thus reinforcing the substantial effect of reconstructed
A friend is someone with whom we can share our feeling and life; a friend is always there for you when you need him or her. However, not all friends will truly fulfill the relationship. As we progress in life, we make friends, and during our difficult times
A friendship is a bond shared with another person, typically of common interests. A friend is honest, loyal, faithful, and trustworthy. It's someone you can share secrets, memories, fears, and dreams with. They stand by you despite arguments or disputes that might arise. Friendships can bring joy, as well as pain; friends want the best for each other, and sometimes sacrifices must be made. In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck speaks of the advantages and pitfalls to a friendship.
Jane King stated in her essay entitled “A Small Place Writes Back” that “A Small Place begins with Jamaica Kincaid placing herself in a unique position able to understand the tourist and the Antiguan and despise both while identifying with neither” (895). Another critic, Suzanne Gauch, adds to this claim by asserting that “A Small Place disappoints…readers when it undermines the authority of its own narrator by suggesting that she is hardly representative of average Antiguans” (912). In her narrative A Small Place, Kincaid often attacks and criticizes the average tourist with what appears to be evidence of racism towards white Europeans and Americans, but perhaps even more strongly she demeans her Antiguan homeland; however, contrary to what King states in her essay, Kincaid belittlement of the Antiguans is a satirical effort to expose the racism of the primarily white tourists.
Bias can move stealthily into memory without conscious awareness. While there is a general correlation between confidence and accuracy, when misleading information is presented, a witness’s confidence is often higher for the incorrect information than for the accurate information (Engelhardt, 19XX).
For instance, the aspect of a ‘single story’ is a metaphor by itself, and it is present throughout the entirety of the speech. It convinced the audience of the negative effects of cultural ignorance and stereotyping. A single story is a metaphor for the dangers of stereotyping, the negative impacts it has on individuals and the common misconception given by the media. There is also the use of Historical Allusion. Adichie refers to John Locke when he referred to African Americans as “beasts who have no houses” and “people who have no heads”. This allows the audience to realize the power of stereotypes and misconceptions, how they were present back then and how they are present now. Adichie also successfully employs the use of repetition throughout her speech. Throughout her speech she repeatedly talks about the various ways African’s are mistreated throughout society. At minute 4:50 she talks about her roommates misconception towards Africans “ Her default position… was kind of patronizing, mell-meaning pity”. On minute 12:16 she talks about her cousin and how “he died because he could not get adequate healthcare” and in minute 13:26 she talks about the “5000 people [that] apply for one job vacancy in Nigeria”. Overall, the use of stylistic devices is very effective, aiding the portrayal of the
Every day we interact with our family, friends, in general, human beings, but is that going to be possible for our generations to come as overpopulation begins to significantly affect our way of living? Or will someone come up with an effective way of keeping the population to its limit? Some of us believe that the end of the world will be a catastrophic event; for example, a big asteroid hitting earth or even worldwide famine. Is the truth of it all be that human extinction will be because of our increase in reproduction? There are many factors that could contribute to overpopulation. Even though it depends on beliefs and the research done, some factors that are believed
Human resource management plays an important role in the organisation. It not only helps the employer evaluate employee accurately but also contribute to the firm’s development. Hence, the appearance of psychological contract is one of the most effective tools to help the organisation improve their HRM issues. However, it also has some challenges for the manager to overcome. Therefore, the main aim of this essay is to analyse the importance of the psychological contract in many aspects and support more evidences and experiences to support employers’ view in managing people.
Van Stuyvesant Meijen, J. (2007). The Influence of Organisational Culture on Organisational Commitment at a Selected Local Municipality. Unpublished master’s thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
A good friend has to be loyal and trust worthy. You can't live your life afraid that the person that you trust the most is going to betray you. I think in the beginning of each friendship you should test your friend's loyalty. You should never tell them too much of yourself too soon and have high expectations. When they have proven to you that they have a good heart and don't mean malice to you, then you should hold them close to your heart. It is a strong feeling of sanctuary to know that the person you call at night to spill your life to will never tell a soul. It is not good to keep things inside all the time and sometimes you need someone to share your feelings with. At other times you want someone to listen to your daily life and go through the same trials of events that happen to you; however, your friends can give you an objective point of view.
The study of public administration only continued to grow over the course of the next two decades. As the study of public administration expanded, so did the development of s...
Organizational structure and organizational culture have a reliant connection with one another. In the business globe, management structure decides the behaviors, attitudes, dispositions and ethics that fashion the job culture. If a company's organizational structure is strictly hierarchical, with decision-making power centralized at the top, the company's culture will possible reflect a lack of freedom and autonomy at the junior stage. If a company's management structure is decentralized, with shared power and authority at all levels, the culture is likely to be more independent, personalized and
To me, a friend means passion. A friend means forever existing love. A friend means many years of heartfelt times, but also grieving moments. When you just need that shoulder to cry on. Friends, or even more specifically, best friends, share a bond that can never be compared to anything else. It might twist. It might bend. It sometimes might even break, but that is when you separate the real friends, from the fake. A friendship is not a meaning, but a message, that only they can understand.