Psychological Approaches Psychology was founded back in 1879. Psychology is the study of the brain and how it behaves. The psychological approaches that are focused on in this report are biological, behavioral and psychodynamic psychology. This report states what each approach is about, evidence behind it, examples and theories/ideas associated. This also has real-life examples of people's lives. Overall, this report will teach you what biological, behavioral and psychodynamic psychology are. Biological Psychology Biological psychology(behavioral neuroscience) is the study of the human brain and how all of our human behaviour is due to our biological design. Some theories made about biological psychology are Localisation of function and …show more content…
Sperry made many experiments with people who had corpus callosotomy surgery, which is when the doctors separate the connections between both hemispheres. In the 1940s, the corpus callosotomy surgery method was created to help epilepsy clients. This proved there was two hemispheres, that are specialized. Unconnecting the two hemispheres makes them operated independently. This study supplied evidence that is idea could be true. Behavioural Psychology Behaviourism psychology is the idea all of our behaviorisms are learnt for the environment we are in. This idea is related to the rewards and punishment and how they affect people’s behaviour. The theories within this topic are Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. The main people who contributed to these ideas are Pavlov and J.H Skinner. There are many studies made about both Classical Conditioning and operate, thus this relates to real life situations. Classical Conditioning The idea of Classical conditioning, occurs when two stimuli are linked together and this creates a connection between the stimulus. This is all about how people learn from experiences and how that affects their behavior. One of the most recognised psychologists known for this subject is Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. He created the idea of behaviourism during the late 1800’s and got a Nobel Prize for …show more content…
This meant his reflex to food was different to the reflex of ringing a bell. Step Three: During conditioning What Pavlov did was ring the bell and at the same time presenting the food to the dog. Step Four: After conditioning After conditioning, the dog started to drool for just the bell meaning that the idea of classical conditioning had more evidence it was true. Example of real life A boy asked his mother for a chocolate at the supermarket and the mother said ‘No’, but the boy started to cry. This leads the mother to give up and give him the chocolate, he wanted. The boy made the connection in his brain, if he cries every time he can get what he wants. The two stimuli’s in this example are asking his mother over and over and getting the confectionary. This makes a connection in the brain that leads him to ask his mother the next time. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning is the idea that understand the relationships between a response and the consequences of the response. This idea is also about positive and negative reinforcement. B.F Skinner is best known for Operant Conditioning because he is known as one of the main leaders in Behaviourist Psychology. The work of B.F was known to be built on Thorndike(Who wrote the book ‘Law and
Classical conditioning lead Watson to the discovery of behaviorism. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical condition meaning that control of a stimulus-response reflexive relationship. “Watson assumed that human behavior and the behavior of animals were both governed by the same law of nature” (Jensen, 1). He demonstrated on his experiment with Albert that human emotional response could be
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Classical conditioning is the theory that involves a subject learning a new behavior by the process of association. A naturally occuring stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) is paired with a response (the unconditioned response). Then, a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually the conditioned stimulus produces the initial response of the unconditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus being present. The response, therefore, becomes the conditioned response. This study had a major influence on the psychological study of behaviorism. “Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment” (Cherry 1). Classical conditioning was discovered by the work of Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov first experimented on classical conditioning by proving he could train a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell the same way a dog naturally salivated to the sight of food. Associating food with the sound of the bell, Pavlov was successful in training the dog to respond the same way to the bell as he would involuntarily respond to the food alone.
There are many practical applications of the behaviourist approach, including in education, child rearing, treating phobias and advertising, using behaviourist theories to influence societies on a large scale (McLeod 2015). It is very scientific, using repeatable experiments to prove theories on behaviour and puts a strong emphasis on objective measurement (McLeod 2015). It can be used to explain a great quantity of human behaviour, using a small amount of scientifically studied theories (Hill
The quote from the famous psychologist John B. Watson essentially sums up behaviourism. Behaviourism refers to the school of psychology founded by Watson, established on the fact that behaviours can be measured and observed (Watson, 1993). In behaviourism, there is a strong emphasis that the acquisition of learning, or permanent change in behaviour, is by external manifestation. Thus, any individual differences in behaviours observed was more likely due to experiences, and not by the working of genes. As the quote suggest, any individuals can be potentially trained to perform any tasks through the right conditioning. There are two major types of conditioning, classical and operant conditioning (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2012).
The affective extension of the sometimes-opponent process (AESOP) is a model that focuses on affection and sensory stimuli. The AESOP model has regulations on how the stimulus is to be represented hence showing how learning occurs either as a primary or secondary component. The theories associated with the learning process assume that experiences are documented in the hypothetical memory structure. This theory assumes that a stimulus whether conditioned or unconditioned has a response that could be conditioned or unconditioned. Pavlov carried out trials that exhibited that a dog would drool when it a bell is rung or when hungry. The sound of a bell or hunger is stimuli that trigger a response of salivating in the dog. Pavlov saw that both conditioned
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning both played a key role in the history of the study of learning, but, as argued by B.F Skinner, there are key differences to be noted between the two (Gleitman, Gross, Reisberg, 2011).
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).
Psychology is the investigation of the mind and how it processes and directs our thoughts, actions and conceptions. However, in 1879 Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Nevertheless, the origins of psychology go all the way back thousands of years starting with the early Greeks. This foundation is closely connected to biology and philosophy; and especially the subfields of physiology which is the study of the roles of living things and epistemology, which is the study of comprehension and how we understand what we have learned. The connection to physiology and epistemology is often viewed as psychology, which is the hybrid offspring of those two fields of investigation.
The term psychology has many meanings to different people, even to those who work within the psychological field. The word psychology derives from two Greek roots; 'psyche' refers to 'soul' or 'mind' and logo refers to 'the study of'. A more update definition of the word psychology can be found from Atkinson, et al (1991) “The scientific study of behaviours and mental processes.” However on Google Definitions the definition of psychology is “the mental characteristics and attitudes of a person” [accessed 16 September 2011], which gives somewhat of a contradiction. In this assignment I will be outlining and evaluating four key psychological perspectives. The psychological perspectives I have chosen are the behavioural approach, biological approach, cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach.
The strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate. After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own...
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, its processes, and functions, particularly how these effect behaviors. Psychologists’ goal is to describe, explain, predict, and control. Psychologists base their studies on different approaches, the cognitive approach, biological approach, humanistic approach, evolutionary approach, bio-psychosocial, psychoanalytical approach, and sociocultural approach. The biological approach is examines how an organisms biology, such as genes, hormones, and nervous system effect its behavior such as motivations, emotional responses, and personality.
In the video "Powerful Stoke of Insight," Dr. Taylor share a personal story of how she experienced when she had a stoke years ago. She vividly illustrated the distinct functions of left hemisphere and right hemisphere. Since her stoke occurred in the left hemisphere, she had a hard time to process language during the tragic event happened. She was paralysis and could not understand any of the word from 911 telephone operator when she finally reached the phone. According to Dr. Taylor, "Our right human hemisphere is all about this present moment, [and] our left hemisphere thinks linearly and methodically." Due to the reason that her stoke damaged her left hemisphere, she could not think logically at the moment. This presentation thoroughly explain the concept of lateralization in biological psychology research method. I find it very interesting because I never learn that each hemisphere do in charge of different functions that affecting our
Behaviorism is a theory of learning that focuses on the way that pleasant or unpleasant consequences of behavior can change someone’s behavior over time. It’s based upon the idea that all behaviors are developed through forms of conditioning. Conditioning happens through interacting with the environment, and behaviorism is the belief that our responses to these environmental stimuli shape our behaviors.