3.1. Phytochemical analysis
Phytochemical analysis of VNE revealed the presence of TPC, TFC and TTC. Total phenolic content of VNE was 4.52 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g, total triterpenoid content 18.10 ± 0.11 mg UAE /g and total flavanoid content 5.38 ± 0.04 mg QHE/g of test sample (Table 1)
3.2. Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA)
VNE showed FRSA by donating the hydrogen atom or electron to stable free radical DPPH. A linear relationship was observed in the DPPH radical scavenging activity and VNE concentrations (Fig 1a). The IC50 value for BHT and VNE were 29.51 ± 0.74 µg and 2.07 ± 0.05 mg respectively.
3.3. Metal chelating activity
Metal binding capacity was found to increase with increasing concentrations of VNE in a linear manner (Fig 1b). EDTA showed IC 50 value of 26.68 ± 0.39 whereas it was 2.51 ± 0.03 mg for VNE.
3.4. Reducing Power
A concentration dependent increase in reducing ability was observed with VNE (Fig 1c).
3.5. In vitro DNA damage
The result of the plasmid nicking assay showed hydroxyl radical induced DNA damage by transforming its native supercoiled form (Lane 1) to open circular or linear form (Lane 2). (Fig 2). In the presence of BHT (50 µg, Lane 3) and VNE (Lane 4 and Lane 5; 25 and 50 µg) the native supercoiled form was retained. VNE showed a concentration dependent increase in supercoiled form.
3.6. Acute Toxicity Test and dose selection
The result of acute toxicity tests showed no remarkable changes in behavior of any group of animals at all the selected doses (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 g/kg body weight, p.o.) as compared with the control. No mortality was observed till 72 hrs of dose administration. No significant changes were observed in liver and kidney function test in serum (Table 2). Histo...
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... to control (Group 1, Table 5) however the decrease was insignificant (p > 0.05) in erythrocytes. Indomethacin (p < 0.001) and VNE (p < 0.01) both improved GSH level in the liver when evaluated against arthritic animals (Group 2). No remarkable change was observed in the erythrocytes GSH content in indomethacin and VNE treated group (Group 3 and 4) as compared to control (Group 1) and arthritic group (Group 2).
3.11. Determination of carbonyl content
Protein carbonyl content was significantly (p< 0.001) higher in liver and plasma of arthritic (Group 2, Table 5) and VNE treated animals (Group 4) when compared to control (Group 1). However, the decline level of carbonyls was observed with indomethacin in liver (p< 0.001), whereas the change in carbonyl content was insignificant in liver and plasma of the VNE group (Group 4) as compared to arthritic group (Group 2).
...ces in any of the blood variables measured nor in body weight or organ weight over the three different time periods. This finding led Anderson et. al. to conclude that chromium picolinate is not toxic at levels on a per kilogram basis even at several times the upper limit of estimated safe intake for humans (Anderson 273-9). On the other hand, a more recent study conducted by Speetjens et. al. in 1999 showed the chromium picolinate cleaves DNA. Chromium picolinate, if it is incorporated directly into a cell, is reduced by ascorbate and thiols into a hydroxyl radical that quite readily cleaves DNA – indicating that further research on the dangerous side effects of chromium picolinate are necessary to ensure its safe usage (Speetjens 483-7). Once again, it is evident that Stimulife 750 is not as harmless as it purports to be based on its ingredients.
...hat riluzole 100mg per day would provide benefits to the homogenous groups of patients with no evidence of heterogeneity. Also there was a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year. Furthermore there was a small beneficial effect on both bulbar and limb functions but had no effect on muscle strength. Another significant effect which is represented in these results are a threefold increase in serum alanine transferase, this was more frequent in riluzole treated patients than the controls in the experiment (Wahl, 1997).
NSAIDs mode of action is to reduce the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormones which trigger pain and inflammation in the immediate damaged area. NSAIDs inhibit an enzyme, Cyclo-Oxygenase (COX), which is involved in the first stage of prostaglandin production. There are two variants of this enzyme; COX-1 is responsible for the normal every day production of prostaglandins whereas COX-2 is responsible for production of additional prostaglandins when the body is injured as a natural defensive response. Non-selective NSAIDs, such as Ibuprofen, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 whereas selective NSAIDs; Celecoxib and Etoricoxib, inhibit only COX-2 (Society for Endocrinology, 2013; Ogbru, 2009).
The overall premise of the various experiments chronicled in this article is the determination of the mechanistic pathways and products formed via substitution reactions. Substitution reactions occur when one atom or functional group replaces another. For the purposes of this experiment, there were two types of substitution reactions: SN1 or unimolecular nucleophilic substitution, 1st order and SN2 or bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, 2nd order. 1
For the human body to move swiftly with deliberate and smooth actions, it makes use of synovial fluid within joints. However, rheumatoid arthritis hinders the movement of the body and cause several other debilitating factors such as pain and (near) permanent disability. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is primarily a persistent autoimmune disease which affects synovial joints of the human body. According to Emery (2006), he finds that this is a “long term . . . chronic disease that spreads from joint to joint” (p. 152). Furthermore, it is a disease which primarily assaults the body's immune system by inflaming the synovial joints. The joint tissue is damaged by inflammation of the joint lining causing pain to the patient. Aletaha et
Stokes, W.S. “Animals and the 3 R’s on Toxicology Research and Testing.” Human and Experimental Toxicology December 2015: 7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 February
Four therapies have been described to decrease the muscle toxicity of doxorubicin. First, use of the iron chelator dexrazoxane decreases muscle toxicity (36, 89).Second, aerobic exercise has been shown to protect against doxorubicin induced skeletal muscle apoptosis through decreasing autophagy signaling (50, 84, 85). Third, the mitochondrial antioxidant SS31 protects against doxorubicin induced apoptosis (32). Fourth, pretreatment of metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis (7, 8). The interaction of doxorubicin and metformin will be discussed in greater detail in upcoming sections.
Introduction of HAART has led to significant reductions in mortality and morbidity associated with HIV infection. However, even with the reduction in mortality and morbidity, there are still some adverse effects caused by these drugs. Hepatotoxicity is commonly seen in patients taking Non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI), a drug used in HAART. Drug-induced liver injury is responsible for more than 50% of cases of acute liver injury in the United States. Furthermore, patients with concurrent Hepatit...
Arthritis affects people of all age groups. More than 100 types of arthritis are known. Among these osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis having the highest incidence. One of the major causes of chronic debilitation in industrialized nations is Osteoarthritis which results from damage to the joints, which may be due to trauma, infection, or age-related wear. Rheumatoid arthritis is encountered less frequently than osteoarthritis and is estimated to affect around one per cent of the world’s population. Amongst patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, women are three times more likely to be affected by this condition than men. This condition is caused by an inflammatory process where the body starts attacking itself. Rheumatoid arthritis also affects several joints, with inflammation sometimes seen in and around the lungs, the heart, the eyes and the skin. The most commonly reported complaint by arthritis patients is pain. The pain might be from the joint itself and be a result of inflammation, damage from the disease, or through daily wear and tear. Muscle pain is also common and is caused by having to force movements against stiff and painful joints. Although range of movement in the affected joint may be limited and uncomfortable, physical exercise has been shown to benefit those with arthritis. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain in the long term and delay the need for surgery in advanced cases. The majority of arthritis cases occur among theelderly, however the disease can occur in children as well. Over 70% of the population that get affected by arthritis in North America are over the age of 65 (4). The disease occurs more commonly in females than males in all races, age groups, and ethn...
Arthritis is very common and yet it is not well understood. Arthritis is not a single disease, but instead is an informal way of referring to more than 100 different types of joint pain and/or related conditions (“What is Osteoarthritis?”). Sometimes called degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis, osteoarthritis is the most common chronic condition of the joints, affecting approximately 27 million Americans (“What is Osteoarthritis?”). For a long time osteoarthritis was believed to be caused by the “wear and tear” of joints over time, however, scientists now view it to be a disease of the joint (“What
Not only does it hurt the animals, but how do we know that; for instance a rabbit has the exact same reaction of a human. Technically, they could be wasting a animals life and potentially disabling it for its life. That said it could have a different reaction on the human body and could possibly hurt humans more than the animal. "We are not 70 kg rats" said Thomas Hartung, a professor at John Hopkins university. You need to consider when testing on an animal because you do not want to waste an animal on things that humans want, but not need. Will this effect humans in the same way animals?
That increased incidence of osteoporosis can be besides associated, spread Lifestyle characteristics such as inactivity, poor diet and smoking, especially through the systemic inflammatory response and treatment of COPD explain. Here, in addition to a lead Variety of other mechanisms, Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, for Stimulation of Osteoclast differentiation and activation, and thus to an increased Bone resorption [70]. A systemically important therapy with Glucocorticoid given an appropriate time activity by influencing the Osteoblast replication and which Induction of apoptosis in Osteoblasts and Osteocytes and the promotion of Osteoclast proliferation to a glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis lead. Since the presence of osteoporosis, the probability of fractures, especially for Vertebral compression fractures, and these increases, even if they are asymptomatic, have significant influence on the performance and the drop in pulmonary function and thus also to the frequency of exacerbations, it is important at an early stage of osteoporosis diagnosis and therapy performed, so the complication of the systemic disease of COPD counter [71]. Ischemic cardiovascular disease is a leading
When one is healthy there is hardly a need to visit the doctors, or a need to consistently refill medications. However, when one has an illness, especially an illness that does not have a cure, then one is obligated to go for monthly check-ups, monthly blood draws, and monthly pharmacy visits. Such is the case for Nirmal, a 52-year-old female, who has had rheumatoid arthritis for five years and hypertension since her early thirties. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease, considered an “autoimmune disease,” and is characterized by “joint swelling, joint tenderness,” and destruction of “synovial joints” (Charles, Britt, & Pan, 2013, p. 765). She currently takes a myriad of medications which control her rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension, but the five medications that will be analyzed are: prednisone, gabapentin, methotrexate, metoprolol, and tramadol.
Ruby, A., & Davis, P. (2011). Studies in osteo-arthritis using intra-articular temperature response to injection of hydrocortisone acetate and prednisone. Annals Of The Rheumatic Diseases,
Animal testing is also dangerous. Animals and humans can react differently or indifferently to chemicals, because humans are different from animals in anatomy, phycology, and metabolism. One study conducted by the pharmace...