The Vitex nigundo leaf powder was procured from local market and authenticated by Prof. A. B. Seerwani. Extract of V. nigundo was prepared by adding 1.0 g of powdered leaves to 25 ml ethanol: water (1:1) mixture. This mixture was left overnight at room temperature in dark and subsequently centrifuged for 30 min at 13000 xg. The supernatant was filtered and used as the test sample.
2.3. Total phenolic content
The total phenol content (TPC) of the extract was estimated by the method of Singleton and Rossi (1965) using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. This reagent oxidizes phenols forming molybdenum-tungsten blue. The total amount of phenolic compounds was calculated using propyl gallate (1 mg/ml) as standard.
2.4. Total triterpenoid content
Total triterpenoid content (TTC) was estimated by the method of Chang and Lin (2011), using ursolic acid (1 mg/ml in methanol) as standard.
2.5. Total flavonoid content
To determine the total flavonoid content (TFC), the aluminium chloride method was followed (Zhang et al., 2011). The method is based on the formation of flavonoid-aluminium complex, which shows absorption at 510 nm. Quercitrin hydrate (1 mg/ml in ethanol) was used as standard.
2.6. Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA)
Free radicals scavenging activity was assessed by the method of Mellors and Tappel (1966). The method is based on the reduction of an ethanolic solution of 2, 2- diphenyl-1-p-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) by hydrogen donating groups of antioxidant substance. BHT (0 -180 µg) was used as a positive control. Percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) was calculated using the following formula
Radical scavenging activity (%) = (A0 – A1/ A0) × 100 where A0 and A1were the absorbance of control and test sample respec...
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...o, 2, 4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB) mediated by GST (Habig et al., 1974).
2.19. Determination of glutathione content
Reduced GSH content was measured by the method of Beutler et al (1963) in tissue homogenate and whole blood. The method was based on the development of a stable yellow color with Ellman’s reagent due to the reduction of 5, 5,’ dithiobis 2- nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) with GSH.
2.20. Protein carbonyl measurement
Protein carbonyl content in liver and plasma was determined by the method of Levine et al., (1990). Carbonyl content was determined at 390 nm using molar absorption coefficient of 22000 M-1 cm-1.
2.21. Statistical analysis
Microsoft Excel 2007 and the SPSS software package version 20.0 were used for statistical analysis. The mean values obtained for the different groups were compared by one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc-LSD test.
As shown in figure 2, the percentage of each isomeric alcohol in the mixture had been determined. The hydrogen atom on the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group appear at around 4.0 ppm for borneol and 3.6 ppm for isoborneol. The product ratio has been determined by integrating the peaks. A ratio of 6:1 for the Isoborneol/borneol ratio was expected and is validated by the calculations shown above, with isoborneol percentage at 83.82% and 16.17% of borneol. A CHCl3 group noted at around 7ppm and a CH2Cl2 at around 3.5ppm.
In preparing for the quantitative test for the Bio-Rad protein assay, a spectrophotometer was switched on. Ten test tubes were used and that the known and unknown protein samples were tested duplicate. Tubes one and two were the 0.2 mg/ml protein, three and four 0.3 mg/ml protein, five and six 0.6 mg/ml protein, seven and eight 0.9 mg/ml protein, and lastly nine and ten
For this SPSS final assignment, we will follow our step by step to create supporting statistical output that will include graphs and tables that will assimilate our text and the appropriate data set in their correct place within our research document. Then analyze and explain each section and the variables so that we can gain a much better understanding of the one-way ANOVA and GPA.
Scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) is the method that to determine the antioxidant ability to remove the DPPH which is a kind of free radical.
Microbial pigments have antioxidant activity because of their biological functions.and these pigments are Carotenoid ,naphthaquinone,and Violacein.
In conclusion, E. cava is a very interesting resource, due to the presence of unique phlorotannin derivatives with special bioactivities including ACE inhibitory activity. Ethanol enhances the extraction of phlorotannins specially dieckol from the brown seaweed E. cava. By contrast, in this study phloroglucinol derivative dieckol exhibited the strongest activity against ACE. With the results of this study we can suggest that the brown seaweed E. cava could be used in development of promising and potential functional food products. Moreover, it is expected that these findings will contribute to developing interests in basic research and potential applications of the phlorotannins in the relevant fields.
Oxidative stress is critical as it is extensively related to human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes, cataract, aging and cancer (Zhao and Zha...
Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS (9.1, SAS institute, 2004) statistical software package. Statistical assessments of differences between mean values were performed by the LSD test at P = 0.05.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that has direct involvement with the immune system. This disease is considered to be degenerative and currently the only thing that can be done is manage the painful symptoms and suppress the self targeting actions by using immune suppressing drugs. The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is mostly unknown but there is a high amount of evidence that there are genetic predispositions for the disease. This being said however there are also environmental factors to asses these include, bacteria, viruses, fungi and other environmental factors. Doctors primarily use a physical examination to first suspect R.A. then send for blood work to confirm. There are many aspects to this disease and many questions left unanswered, the treatments available now are only temporarily and can in some cases cause more problems than benefits. Lab experiments and clinical trials are currently showing some great results and could within our lifetimes cure many autoimmune diseases including R.A..
Lindberg, D. (n.d.). Herbal Medicine: MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbal
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
Analysis of Aspirin Tablets Aim --- To discover the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in a sample of aspirin tablets. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In order to do this, the amount of moles that react with the sodium hydroxide must be known. This is achieved by using the method of back titration.
Eugenol was extracted from cloves through the process called steam distillation. A total of 50ml of distillate were collected with temperature monitoring for every 5.0ml of collected liquid. The distillation curve showed that the temperature of volatilization of eugenol is from 98°C to 99°C which is way below its boiling point at 2540C. Chemically active extraction was conducted in order to remove impurities particularly eugenol acetate and caryophyllene. This involves the addition of several solvents particularly hexane, NaOH, HCl, then hexane again in succession.
...tioxidants and free radical scavenging. Different sample preparation techniques such as SFE extraction, pressurized hot water extraction and solid- phase extraction have also been utilized prior to analysis. High-speed counter-current Chromatography has been used for the preparative separation and purification of baicalin and wogonin from Scutellariae radix. Crude baicalin was obtained by extraction with methanol with water (70:30) from Scutellaria baicalensis. The separation was performed in two steps with a two phase solvent system composed of n-butanol with water (1:1). In which the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at a flowrate of 1.0 ml/min in the head to- tail elution mode. The simultaneous separation and purification of active components in Scutellaria baicalensis can be analysed by High-speed counter-current Chromatography (Sujuan Wu et al., 2005).
Today people are becoming more aware of the advantages of using natural health products. Apart from it being a cost-efficient solution to maintain and attain healthier body, the products made from herbal and natural ingredients offer a myriad of benefits compared to those made from chemical and artificial ingredients. The followi...