Introduction
Blast protection, until recently, has only needed to be considered when constructing underground shelters and military bunkers. Currently, however, there is a need for urban buildings and similar structures used consistently by the general public to withstand forces from nearby explosions. This need is due to the recent climb in terrorist attacks in urban or crowded environments. These attacks have used the lack of blast resistance in these buildings as a means for creating widespread havoc through detonating an improvised explosive device (IED). These devices range from explosives planted inside a structure to roadside or vehicular bombs. An urban environment causes even relatively small explosions to be extremely potent since their energy is reflected off of walls and other structural components, making the area over which the energy dissipates very concentrated (King 1346).
Traditionally, methods for blast protection in buildings of high importance or bunkers consisted of increasing the cross-sectional area of columns and enhancing the ratio of reinforcement of structural members (Runlin 2866). These methods are ineffective in practical engineering, however, due to the other necessary aesthetic and functional aspects of urban buildings. Another traditional method for personnel protection was to build bomb shelters into these buildings. This method assumes, however, that an attack will be expected; terrorist attacks are typically unexpected. As a result, researchers of blast protection have turned their focus towards finding materials that can help prevent severe structural blast damage without affecting a structure’s aesthetics and/or purpose.
Goals for Reducing Structure Damage
The main reason for protecting ...
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CATAPULTS The catapult, was invented by the Romans, and plays a large role in the siege of any castle. Besiegers could fire 100-200 pound stones up to 1,000 feet. The catapult was used to destroy buildings and walls inside and outside of the castle walls, it could also destroy an enemies moral by throwing severed heads of comrades, they could spread disease by throwing shit and dead animals in, and they could destroy wooden building by throwing bundles of fire in.
ABSTRACT: Terrorists were very active long before September 11. This essay reviews the 1988 downing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland and the March 1995 gas attack in the Tokyo subway. The results of these terrorist acts, who carried them out, how they were carried out, and what can be done in the future to prevent such incidents from happening again are all investigated.
The enormous responsibility that an engineer has when designing a project is often overlooked. His or her job is not only to create a design that will work under ideal conditions, but that will meet the regulations of environmental and building codes and will also survive the unpredictable forces of nature that structures are sometimes subjected to. An article in the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, "Structures are Held up by Both Skill and Luck,"1 describes many risks involved in the designing process and the failures that can occur when small details are overlooked. In light of a recent surge of failures in the Northwest, the article says:
Rahman, Anatol. "New Material Can Make Ultra-light And Better Bulletproof Armor." The Tech Journal RSS. 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 10 May 2014.
Following the collapse of the I-35 Bridge, other bridges in the country, with similar construction designs, were scrutinized. According to federal statistics, more than 70,000 of the 607,363 or roughly 12 percent of the bridges in the United States are classified as “structurally deficient.”
An IED that is rendered safe has been separated into its subcomponents, analyzed by the bomb technician to ensure the threat from the IED has been mitigated, and disassembled to the point that it is no longer an IED. Hazardous material (HAZMAT) may be rendered safe by a disposal operation, which may include destruction or burning. There are many individual tasks within a bomb technician’s chosen course of action but they will differ significantly for each IED encountered or with each disposal operation conducted. Therefore, Render Safe Procedures (RSP) is a term specific to the bomb community and does not refer to any specific delineated procedural step. An appropriate RSP is one in which the bomb technician accomplishes the above actions in a way that results in a safe and successful execution. The goal of this course is to recertify PSBTs and SABTs by testing their proficiency on basic bomb technician knowledge and skills. During the course, we will also furnish
Every incidence, of whatever kind, that occurs to a person, a corporation or a country leaves an impact of its kind. The most important thing is the lessons, which the stakeholders concerned learn from that incidence. Bombing incidences are often a result of terror attacks and the lessons or the action plans that ensue from any successful terror attack are not something intelligent minds can underscore (Knowles, 2003). One of the major targets in these bombings and occurrences of a similar kind is the business community. Critical analysis of explosions and bombings is very important to both the security agencies and the businesses. This is primarily because businesses thrive only in secure environment and therefore safety is a priority for any business setting. The World Trade Center (WTC) explosion in 1993 unearthed critical safety issues which any business development plan must observe. However, before exploring these issues, it is important to have a recap of how the incident was.
Ali, Mir M. Moon, Kyung Sun. “Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Prospects” Architectural Science Review, Volume 50, Issue 3, 2007. Web. 27 Sept. 2017.
The failure of beam-to-column connections in steel Special Moment Resisting Frames had the most to do with most of the damage in these buildings. In response to the pattern of buildings including SMRF's, there have been studies to improve the design and construction practices to allow for better and more improved buildings. The higher building codes wanted engineers to find new ways to allow homes, apartments or skyscrapers the ability to sustain a powerful earthquake. These engineers borrowed the model from New Zealand engineer Bill Robinson. His method was to use lead-rubber bearings, which minimize the vibrations caused by the earthquake, improving its performance during seismic activity. Many of the old buildings that took damage during the earthquake had to be retrofitted. This was done by either infilling the walls, adding braces, adding buttresses, adding new frames, exterior or interior, completely rebuilding or isolating the building. All of these techniques of retrofitting a building all add extra support to the remainder of the building. Most of the residential structures that took damage and were deemed uninhabitable were the apartments or condominiums that were made of light, wood frames. Also, many houses made using stucco took extensive damages. This was due to the fact that the stucco was not properly installed in the first place,
...the nation’s critical infrastructure. With the creation of the DHS the government has shown that they are investing money and resources into protecting our nation’s infrastructure.
In Beth Johnson’s story,” Bombs Bursting in air”, She speaks about being shielded by ignorance when you're young. As you get older, you realize how bombs start to impact your life and the lives around their detonation points. You start to love immensely and be thankful for what you have after a close call. A great lesson to learn from her writing: Love while you can, Enjoy life day by day because you never know when a bomb can detonate and destroys everything you hold dear. Live with no regrets, if you live true from the start. The day my son was born was my bomb that impacted directly and sent shockwaves through my life. I learned the lesson first hand. It changed the way I think of situations and changed the route of my life all together.
Fanella, D. (2011). Reinforced concrete structures: analysis and design / David A. Fanella. New York: McGraw-Hill, c2011.
... about 1 mm to 2mm per year which can be achieved though using multiple methods of corrosion protection. 5 CONCLUSION Overall the costs to a project by using of a combination of corrosion management techniques are much less than having an inadequate corrosion management plan. Corrosion control has in the past been relegated to a last step during design as discussed by Ahmad (2006). Having a wider appreciation of corrosion we can see that many fundamental steps should be taken in design and that there are a number of economical choices that can be made. Appendix 1 and 3 show a corrosion control checklist and passive design considerations. Both types of corrosion control incorporate practices that will increase the serviceable life of a product. Both passive and active corrosion management should be used in a design, building more efficient and more durable structures.
Johns Hopkins University. (2009, March). In disaster-prone areas, construction needs a new approach. Retrieved from http://phys.org/news157051992.html