1. Problem Statement-5 Points
1. Identify The Clinical Problem And Research Problem That Led To The Study. In their article, The Needs of Men With Prostate Cancer: Results of a Focus Group Study, Wallace and Storms (2007) infer the clinical and the research problem for their study from the citation of prostate cancer statistics in the United States. As the second leading cause of death in the country, men diagnosed with prostate cancer have limited resources that will help them cope with the diagnosis. The authors note that the number one challenge is to find psychosocial support services in the management of the side effects of prostate cancer as a chronic illness (Wallace & Storms, 2007).
2. How Did The Author Establish The Significance Of The Study? In Other Words, Why Should The Reader Care About This Study? The authors established the significance of the study by discussing the great challenges that confront men diagnosed with prostate cancer. The effects of prostate cancer bring to the fore the need to
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Identify The Purpose Of The Study. The purpose of the study was explicitly and clearly described in the abstract and introduction of the article. In both places, the authors state that the purpose of the qualitative and grounded theory study was to “explore the psychosocial needs of men with prostate cancer using a previously developed cancer model” (Wallace & Storms, 2007, p. 181).
2. List Research Questions That The Study Was Designed To Answer. If The Author Does Not Explicitly Provide The Questions, Attempt To Infer The Questions From The Answers. Unlike the purpose of the study, the research questions are not explicitly stated, but could be inferred from the rationale for the appropriateness of the methods used. Two questions could be inferred, e.g., (1) What are the needs of men with prostate cancer? And (2) What are the ways to meet the needs of men with prostate cancer?
3. Were The Purpose And Research Questions Related To The
Spiegel, D., Bloom, J. R., Kraemer, H. C., & Gottheil, E. (1989). Effect of psychosocial tr@ent on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lan@t, 88:8-891.
“Spirituality and Cancer.” Integrating Research on Spirituality and. Health and Well-being Service Delivery Conference. Bethesda, Maryland. April 2005.
As the author highlighted in this book, the quickest way to be diagnosed for prostate cancer is to be screened for it; the same notion applies for many other diseases and illness. With the advent of the technological age, doctors are now able to see more than they did before, and therefore, are more quick to diagnose illnesses and cancers early. As Welch explains, the problem with that is that not all illness or cancers will kill you; some cancers will stick around, but never cause any harm. So, this leads to screening for cancers that were never going to kill a patient, that end up being detected early on and dealt with, thus giving credit to early screening as a success story. As Welch explains, most illnesses and injuries that undertake a natural course of events, without medical intervention, usually heal on their own. This is problematic because it creates this idea that medical intervention is helpful and necessary, when that is not always the case. In general, as a society, the benefits of medical care have been over-exaggerated, while the harms of medical care have been largely ignored. If Welchs’ instructions were followed, a closer examination of the effect of screenings and tests would be the new medical
2. The researcher does not want or need to generalize the results to a population.
Prostate cancer has been the number one diagnosed cancer today. According to the World Health Organization, approximately one in every ten American men will develop prostate cancer during his lifespan. This cancer has been very common in the last few years. American Cancer Society reported over 200,000 new cases of prostate cancer. Huge number of population suffered severely. The prostate is significant for reproduction. It helps the substances that are involved in fertilization and transporting of sperm as well as survival. Prostate tumor is developed in the prostate gland, which is found in the men’s reproductive system. Prostate is the size of a walnut, which is located inferiorly in the penis and anterior to the rectum. It contains the connective tissue, which includes the glandular and fibrous tissues. This tumor starts to develop during their adolescent year due to the control of the male reproductive hormones. When the tumor starts to develop, it begins at the urethra, which is a tube that releases the urine from the bladder. The tumor is a slow development yet it is contagious to the other parts of the body, such as it does affect the pelvic bones, lungs, liver, and the lower vertebrae (Zenka, 2009).
In response to the question set, I will go into detail of the study, consisting of the background, main hypotheses, as well the aims, procedure and results gathered from the study; explaining the four research methods chosen to investigate, furthering into the three methods actually tested.
Identify the chosen research method (experimental, survey, observation or correlational research) and if appropriate, the design used. (1 mark) I am using a lab experiment as my research method. I am using an independent groups design. PB4: Identify the advantages(s) and disadvantage(s) of the chosen research method. (2 marks)
Testicular cancer is only present in males because only males have testicles. About 8,820 cases of testicular cancer are diagnosed every year. About 380 men die from testicular cancer each year. This is actually a very high survival rate. Also, the risk of a man dying from testicular cancer is about 1 in 5,000 because it is highly treatable and sometimes can be curable. It seems that the group most affected by testicular cancer is middle aged men, the average age to be diagnosed is 33. Only 6% of testicular cancer cases occur in children and teens, and about 7% of testicular cancer cases are men above 55 years old. All in all, testicular cancer is a type of cancer only in males and starts off in the testicles. It is not that common and the survival rate is very high because of the technology and doctors of today.
Oncology Nursing Forum, 35(3), 449-454. Kazer, M. W., Jr., D. E., & Whittemore, R. (2010). Out of the Black Box: Expansion of a Theory-Based Intervention to Self-Manage the Uncertainty Associated With Active Surveillance (AS) for Prostate Cancer. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice,24(2), 101-112.
2. When you ask someone to participate, explain the basic nature of the study. You
The leading cause of death in America is lung cancer. Lung cancer is ranked top 10 fatal cancers in the United States. There are many types of ways to get lung cancer. There is radon gas it occurs outdoors naturally. Then there is second hand smoke that comes from other people smoking. People are even getting lung cancer from cancer causing agents, this happens from carcinogens. You can also get it from air pollution indoors and outdoors. Also there are gene-mutations that form cancer causing cells. Then there is the one everyone blamed lung cancer is smoking.
Cancer patients often wonder if going through treatments like chemotherapy and radiation are worth the risk of the side effects, in addition to the cancerous side effects. They feel that they can’t enjoy or relax in what a short amount of time they have left because they are bedridden from the nausea and pain that treatments put them through. Patients tell their loved ones to just let them die so long as they don’t have to go through any more pain. Those who are too old, are unable to recover from the effects, or are just too far in the grips of cancer, should refuse the more harsh treatments like chemo and radiation. On the positive side, refusing treatments after a certain point can save their families from the stress and cost of hospital bills. If caught early enough, patients can opt for safer and easier routes to getting rid of cancer like surgery or by doing a stem cell transplant.
Today, many psychologists feel that psychological therapy can give cancer patients’ a longer life. The first to take this stance was Psychiatrist David Spiegel M.D., of Stanford University School of Medicine, in a 1989 study Spiegel gathered patients once a week to discuss there feelings about the cancer and here they received support from other cancer sufferers. “When Spiegel followed up a decade later, he discovered that patients who had participated in the sessions had survived an average of 18 months longer than those in the control group” (Clay,2000). It is felt that if you can tap into a patients mind and help them deal with the cancer by dealing in the mental aspect of it that it will be beneficial to that patient in the long run. Cancer takes a large toll on your body as well as your mind, so if the physical aspect is challenging, the psychological aspect something that a patient should try to excel at like mind over body. Although many cancer patients use this treatment it is not absolutely sure it will lengthen the life span. But the story of Kip Little will beg to differ. Kip, was a cancer patient who had been diagnosed with breast cancer in 1986 and was supposed to be dead a decade ago. After, Kip went through her mastectomy; she met a psychologist at the Ontario Cancer Institute and began working with him and other cancer patients . They patients would gather there to talk about their feelings, practice ways of relaxing and find ways to cope with their pain and any other problems. Then in 1990, cancer returned to Kip, and she was given only a short time to live. Instead of physical treatment, Kip used the relaxing techniques and similar exercises for the mind. Using all these techni...
Another test for early detection of prostate cancer has been the digital rectal exam (DRE). Although DRE is a better method for early detection, it is also a hindrance among men, particularly African-American men, to screening and early detection (Plowden, 2009). According to American Cancer Society (ACS) and American Urological Association (AUA), the PSA and DRE should be offered annually for all men beginning at age 50 (Gray, 2009). However, they also recommend that African-American men with a family history of prostate cancer should begin testing by age 45 (Plowden, 2009). However, due to the cultural barriers to prostate screening such as lack of understanding, traditions, mist...
Prostate-specific antigen is sensitive in determining persistent or recurrent disease after treatment and has had significant effect on every aspect of prostate-cancer patient care. The efficacy of the antigen as an ideal tumor cell maker is evident in the fact that there is currently no better technique than prostate-specific antigen for evaluating prostate cancer patients after treatment. Prostate-specific antigen is the ideal tumor cell maker despite its shortcomings and is commonly used to screen for cancer in general population (“Tumor Makers”, 2013).