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Surrogacy essays legal studies
Surrogacy essays legal studies
Discussion about surrogacy
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Arguments against commercial surrogacy typically revolve around the idea that surrogacy is a form of child-selling. Critics believe that commercial surrogacy violates both women’s and children’s rights. In addition, by making surrogacy contracts legally enforceable, courts will follow the contract rather than choose what is best for the child. However, in her article “Surrogate Mothering: Exploring Empowerment” Laura Pudry is not convinced by these arguments.
Pudry disclaims surrogacy as child-selling, instead she believes that the practice is a service that a surrogate is provided. According to Purdy, since children are not property, a surrogate cannot sell something that is not hers to begin with. Even if a person has ownership over their
While surrogacy is a risky occupation, Prudy believes that women should be able to make that choice for themselves. Especially since in our daily lives we all engage in risky behaviors, such as driving a car or consuming alcohol. As a result, there is little reason to limit a woman’s choice in participating in surrogacy. However, Purdy admits that the current unregulated approach is unacceptable and legislations need to be endorsed in ordered to make the practice safer, since surrogacy will most likely continue to occur whether it is regulated or
However, Hanna disputes this by again applying it to a different situation. According to Hanna, if a company were to pay an employee money to produce five hundred widgets than according to the counterfactual principle, the employee has sold his rights to those widgets. However Hanna puts it in a different perspective, if in different circumstances the employee had produced these widgets without a contract, the employee would acquire rights to those widgets, but because of the contract, the company is paying the employee not for the rights to the widgets, but for his labor. In the same way, when as surrogate consents to a contract with the commissioning parents the surrogate did not obtain any parental rights and, as a result, she is being compensated for her
Melanson, Glen. “How the Contractualist Account of Preconception Negligence Undermines Prenatal Reproductive Autonomy.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 38.4 (Aug. 2013): 420-425. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.
When the author states that is unacceptable to accept the risk of inheriting this disease with the consent of the future child, the author fails to recognize that essentially all actions performed by the surrogate mother are done without consent. This includes drinking alcohol and smoking. While these behaviors are harmful in large amounts, they are not monitored by a third party nor have proven to cause enough damage in small amounts so the life of the child would be unsatisfying. Thus, the mother is accepting a risk on behalf of another, yet wh... ... middle of paper ... ...
Recently Congress has sparked a debate as to whether or not the government should continue funding Planned Parenthood. Too many people are uneducated about the many services Planned
Planned Parenthood is a non-profit organization that is government funded and offers free health care, sex education, and family planning to millions of women all over the country. (“Who We Are”) The organization was founded by Margaret Sanger in the 1960’s. Her mission was to provide free health care to women all across the nation despite their race, ethnic background, income, etc. She also vowed to educate and care for women’s sexual health while maintaining their privacy. As of late, Planned Parenthood has been a target of controversy, with a possibility of being defunded. Why or why not should the government continue to fund this organization?
A recent Court of Appeal ruling looked at preimplantation and IVF selection and how it was possibly going to be prohibited in the UK. Therefore, there are many factors that need to be discussed to whether or not it should be outlaw...
A surrogacy is the carrying of a pregnancy for intended parents. There are two kinds of surrogacy: “Gestational”, in which the egg and sperm belong to the intended parents and is carried by the surrogate, and “traditional”, where the surrogate is inseminated with the intended father’s sperm. Regardless of the method, I believe that surrogacy cannot be morally justified. Surrogacy literally means “substitute”, or “replacement”. A surrogate is a replacement for a mother for that 9-month period of pregnancy, and therefore is reducing the role of the surrogate mother to an oversimplified and dehumanizing labor. The pregnancy process for the gestational mother can be very physically and mentally demanding, and is unique because after birthing the
I believe that surrogacy is morally suspicious and that surrogacy contracts should not be enforceable. I am persuaded by the arguments of Lisa S. Cahill and her stance on surrogacy. Cahill follows the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Natural Law. According to RCNL, sex is a conjugal act with purpose of unity and procreation, and procreation is collaborative. Also, treating a person as a means to an end is always morally wrong. The unity of marriage is intended for reproduction, conceived between two people within the marriage. Surrogacy should not involve a third party to avoid dualism. These main points will be elaborated on in the context of an argument on surrogacy.
This essay will evaluate advantages and disadvantages, moral, religious and ethical aspects of selective abortion, which promotes women’s well-being, physical and mental health. Surgical abortion is an abortion, carried out for different purposes, and accompanied or caused by the death of the fetus. The procedure of the deliberating termination of a human pregnancy is known since ancient times. Kapparis Konstantinos (2002) wrote in his book “Abortion in the Ancient world” that the word abortion came frоm thе Lаtіn “abortus” where “ab” means “amiss” and “oriri” means “likely to be born, arise”. According to thе book of Christopher Tietze and Sarah Lewit (1969) “Abortion” which could be one of the earliest records of an abortive technique this surgical operation goes back about 4,600 years to an ancient Chinese work. Also abortion was widely common in Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Arabic culture. ( Kapparis Konstantinos , 2002)
Countless people form their own judgment of why individuals choose to go through the action of surrogacy. Their opinions range, but the most common reason people believe others use surrogacy is just for the large payment they receive for doing it (Lopez, 1970). I do believe there are people out there who become surrogate mothers because of the money, but I do not believe people are abusing the money. I think women use the money to support their own family, and for things that will improve their life. If they were to use the money for things such as drugs, that would have been brought to the parent’s attention when choosing the right surrogate and going through all the background, and health checks before proceeding with the fertilization. Another social argument is some people think that instead of going through the procedure of surrogacy, they should choose to adopt a child instead (Lopez, 1970). I think the choice is completely up to the person wanting the child. Some people want to go through the excitement of bringing a child into the world, and the child being blood-related to one
...ernational law, must be included in national legislation, and further recognized by the courts. The goals of assisted procreation must remain intact, and therefore it must be understood that science will only continue to progress in this domain, and thus, the government must take serious action before assisted procreation completely removes the child from the picture. Since children cannot protect themselves, the government must take responsibility into its own hands, to ensure that adequate protection is given to the child and all long-term effects are taken into consideration. The best interest of the child must be the main focus. Legislation remains the only voice and form of representation given to the unborn child, therefore this voice must be non-contradicting and in support of children’s rights on a provincial, federal and international level.
The addition of a child into a family’s home is a happy occasion. Unfortunately, some families are unable to have a child due to unforeseen problems, and they must pursue other means than natural pregnancy. Some couples adopt and other couples follow a different path; they utilize in vitro fertilization or surrogate motherhood. The process is complicated, unreliable, but ultimately can give the parents the gift of a child they otherwise could not have had. At the same time, as the process becomes more and more advanced and scientists are able to predict the outcome of the technique, the choice of what child is born is placed in the hands of the parents. Instead of waiting to see if the child had the mother’s eyes, the father’s hair or Grandma’s heart problem, the parents and doctors can select the best eggs and the best sperm to create the perfect child. Many see the rise of in vitro fertilization as the second coming of the Eugenics movement of the 19th and early 20th century. A process that is able to bring joy to so many parents is also seen as deciding who is able to reproduce and what child is worthy of birthing.
Surrogacy is becoming extremely popular as a way for people to build their families and women to have a source of income. Many people have various reasons for their opposition to it whether it be by comparing it to prostitution or disagreeing with how military wives take advantage of the Tricare insurance. Lorraine Ali states in her article “The Curious Lives of Surrogates” that one of the more popular reasons to oppose surrogacy is that it contradicts, “what we’ve always thought of as an unbreakable bond between mother and child.” However, a woman’s inability to conceive her own children does not determine the absence of a mother to child bond.
Gestational surrogacy, especially when it involves commercial surrogates, challenges the status quo in the ethical theory of reproduction, because with this technology the process of producing a child can no longer remain a private matter. Now a public contract exists between two parties, the couple and the surrogate ...
Commercial surrogacy commodifies children because by paying the surrogate mother to give up her child, they treat the child as an object of exchange or commodity that can be bought and sold. As any business transaction, the parents give money for the exchange of an object, the child. The parents get their desired child and the mother gets the money, but what about what thee child think about this event? The parents and surrogate mother’s action were done with self-interest. It could be argued that they wanted the best for the child. However, the first priority in the intentional procreation of the child was not the welfare of the child but rather to give it up to the parents in exchange of money. Additionally, women’s labor is commodified because the surrogate mother treats her parental rights as it was a property right not as a trust. In other words, the decisions taken concerning the child are not done primarily for the benefit of the child. The act of the mother relenting her parental rights is done for a monetary price. She disposes of her parental rights, which are to be managed for the welfare of the owner, as if they were property right, which are to be handled for personal
Frame, T. R. "Reproductive Rights." Children on Demand: The Ethics of Defying Nature. Coogee, N.S.W.: UNSW, 2008. N. pag. Print.