Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Neurophysiological Report
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder categorized as a form of parkinsonism. First described in 1964 by three Canadian neurologists, PSP is sometimes referred to as Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome, or Nuchal Dystonia Dementia Syndrome (1). Progressive damage to multiple brain cells associated with deterioration of the myelin sheath that speeds up nerve impulse conduction, as well as destruction of the entire nerve (2), result in severe and irreversible problems controlling balance, eye movement, breathing, and voluntary muscle movement (3). The actor Dudley Moore has been diagnosed with PSP and presently works to improve awareness and treatment of this enigmatic disease.
Although PSP is frequently misdiagnosed as Parkinson's, the disorder progresses much more quickly, maintaining very unique and exclusive manifestations. Individuals suffering from PSP present clinically with akinetic rigid syndrome, gait ataxia, and supranuclear vertical-gaze palsy (4). Akinesia refers to the loss of control of voluntary muscle movements. This is expressed in loss of balance while walking and recurrent falls. A permanent "Mona Lisa" stare and wide-eyed expression is often described, in addition to guttural, slurred speech and swallowing difficulties (5). These facial distortions result from nerve damage controlling the facial muscles. All PSP individuals suffer from some degree of vertical-gaze palsy, in which the ability to move the eyes up-and-down is impaired (4). Muscles in the back of the neck and spine are usually severely affected, resulting in a retro-collis posture; the individual appears to perpetually look up toward the ceiling. Rigidity in the limbs is also observed, although to a lesser degree. If rigidity does exist here, it is equal on both sides of the body. In Parkinson's disease, rigidity is more prominent and pronounced in the limbs, favoring one side more that the other (6). None of the tremors characteristic of Parkinson's are observed in PSP. Personality changes and dementia are also noted, particularly later in the development of the disease.
PSP affects the brainstem, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. The brainstem controls involuntary movements such as breathing and heart rate. Three divisions of the brainstem have been delineated: the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain. In PSP, all three sections are affected. The pons controls facial nerves and eye muscles, while the midbrain is the visual center of the brain (3). The medulla (sometimes referred to as the "bulb") maintains speech and swallowing abilities. Paralysis here results in impairment of these functions.
The four key symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are tremors of the hands, arms, legs, or
Ataxic dysarthria is one of several types of dysarthria. “Dysarthria is a group of motor speech disorders resulting from disturbed muscular control of the speech mechanism due to damage of the peripheral or central nervous system” (Hedge, 2001, p. 198). In specific, ataxic dysarthria is a disorder that affects the control of speech production due to damage to the cerebellum or the neural pathways that connect the cerebellum to other parts of the central nervous system.
Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti-psychotic drugs.
Play helps equip children for what life may throw at them. Children are born to be actively engaged and explore the world with their own eyes. Through play children learn what it means to fail in life as well as what it means to accomplish a goal. Play is not only a strategy to keep children entertained in early childhood, but also allows children to learn how to create and work together at an early stage. Children at play has been undervalued by society without realizing that “playfulness is that benign base on which the most valuable worlds of children can be successfully built (Iakov, 2012, p. 25),” meaning that play is a fundamental strategy that assist children to develop experiences for the future. It is very upsetting that society undervalues play without acknowledging that play allows a child to express his sentiments and understand how to deal with emotions. Also, play has the power to teach children about themselves. Specifically, a child will “begin to have an ever-greater influence on perception and understanding of (certain aspects of) the real world and real events- past, present, and future- and begins to define the relation with the real world (Iaakov, 2012, 26).” This demonstrates that just as food helps build the body, play helps a child develop their mind for what lies ahead of them. During the observation at the Jewish center, the three activities done in class demonstrated cognitive and social learning through play and activities.
Wellen’s Syndrome is a very serious heart condition that can be defined as narrowing of the left anterior descending artery. It is a heart condition that can be noted on the patient’s EKG, and it doesn’t discriminate. Unfortunately, Wellen’s Syndrome doesn’t just affect adults, it affects pediatrics as well. The course of this paper will describe Wellen’s Syndrome, how the EKG will look, treatment, and the possible outcome for the patients.
The word “play” has numerous meanings to different people in different contexts. Therefore it cannot have one definition and is described in a number of ways. Smith (2010) describes play as involvement in an activity, purely for amusement and to take part for fun. That play is “done for it’s own sake, for fun, not for any external purpose.” (Smith, 2010. P4) Therefore, as one precise definition cannot be presented for the word ‘play,’ it is described in a number of ways such as social dramatic play. Briggs and Hanson (2012) portray social dramatic play as the building blocks of a child’s ability to accept the possibility to step into another world, building and developing on children’s higher order thinking, accentuating the child as a social learner. Another example of play is exploratory play, which is described as children being placed in an explorer or investigator role, to identify the cause or affect a resources that is presented to them has. (Briggs, M and Hanson, A. 2012) Games are also another example of play. They are included on the basis that playing games with rules, regardless of age, can develop a child’s intellectual capabilities along with their physical, behavioural and emotional health. (Briggs, M and Hanson, A. 2012).
Researches indicate that play is an increasingly more varied and complex activity than what it was thought to be and has a significant influence on the physical, cognitive and social development of children along with academic activities.
Wilson quotes Piaget in stating, “Play is the work of childhood, and how young people learn and develop schema about the world” (p.144). Especially for younger children, play is
What is play? In Oxford dictionary the definition of play is not for practical or serious purpose rather it an activity which is based on one’s engagement for recreation and enjoyment. Being a play designer my definition of play is it helps in developing individuals and growing with others as a part of the community. It It strengths the family, helps in developing friendship and relationship. It increases your leisure skills, self esteem and worth. It acts as a power booster, energies, relaxes you increases emotional, mental and physical development. Psychologists like Jean Piagent, Willian James, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Lev Vygotskv has talked about plays in their research. In which they describe that play is common behavior in humans, they had strong beliefs in how important play was on human development well explained by “Jean Piaget in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development”. Every child grows up playing and thus it plays as important role in developing physical milestone in one’s life. One of the aspects of the development of children is physical development. Some Researcher concluded that physical play helps in building their concentration, learning and motivation. Now the question arises in my mind that what are basic requirement for physical play? From my personal experiences my parents have always focused and encouraged me and my brother to get involved in outdoor and physical activities because somehow from their own life experiences they were convinced by the philosophy of benefit of physical play f...
When play involves adults, children “lose some of the benefits play offers them, particularly in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills” (Ginsburg 3). It is crucial for children to participate in unstructured play because it teaches them how to consider the feelings or views of their peers (Morgan 2). With children learning to consider the feelings and views of others, it exposes them to vital social skills like working in groups, sharing, negotiating, how to resolve conflicts, and learning self-advocacy skills (Ginsburg 3). It is through unstructured play children are able to create and explore their own world. Children are able to create a world where they can master and conquer their fears while practicing adult roles (Ginsburg 3). As they master their own world, they “develop new competencies that lead to enhanced confidence and the resiliency they will need to face future challenges” (Ginsburg 3). Through this, children not only learn how to respond to certain situations and how their actions affect others, but also learn more about themselves and their own emotions (Morgan 2). Unstructured play allows children to move at their own pace and “practice decision making skills, discover their own areas of interest, and ultimately engage fully in the passions they wish to
There are numerous theories of play and countless theorists, from Freud and Spencer to Piaget and Vygotsky, who have studied play in relation to what it is and what it does for the child. This essay will outline the definition and value of play and the importance of how it can foster the child’s learning in regards to these theorists who studied the effects in great detail. It will discuss the how the environments constructed by educators can impact play and the theories of learning relating to the quote “play and learning are inextricably woven together ...” Ebbeck and Waniganayake, 2010, p. 5).
Rennie, S. (2003) Making play work: the fundamental role of play in the development of social relationship skills. Brown, F. (Ed.), Playwork. Buckingham. Open University Press.
Play provides opportunities to interacting others and learns to plays social roles in their home, school and community. ( Berk, 1998).
Play is necessary element of healthy development for children of all ages. They will gain knowledge on how parents and educators use play to help children learn and develop. My presentation title for this conference will be The Importance of Play. Play influences all areas of development; it offers children the opportunity to learn about the self, others, and the physical environment (Catron & Allen, 2007). It encourages aspects of social, emotional, cognitive, and physical development that cannot be achieved any other way. Children learn how to interact with peers when engaged in play activities while also building on important schemas about the real world. Although play has been looked at by many as just a time filler for caretakers, much research has been dedicated to the benefits of play that would suggest that play is vital for every
Play has many benefits to children’s development. Practice/functional play helps build sensory/motor skills in infants and toddlers. Active play helps build gross motor skills. Exploratory play helps build fine motor skills. Representational play helps build language skills. (London, 2010). “Some studies have also confirmed that play promotes higher-order thinking” (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Play provides children with opportunities to practice the rules that adult and society set without fear of making a mistake or being punished. (Jaruszewicz, 2012).