Ethiopia is in a region that is dependent on U.S. and European Union Humanitarian Aid. Since 2009, Ethiopia advanced in cyber espionage against its citizen’s. Innocent journalist from local and from other countries are being tortured, killed and imprisoned for speaking their opinions to the world. Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage program targets innocent journalists and violates the United Nations-The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Article 19 Freedom of Expression.
The purpose of this paper will address problems with Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage and evaluate the effects this has on journalist Article 19 freedom of expression is violated. Ethiopia’s Anti-Terrorism Proclamation are explained along with The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which includes Article 19 and how both are used in journalism. The Ethiopian Constitution will show that the culture of the people understands freedom of speech. The constitution also shows that the Ethiopian regime is violating its own agreement with the people. Main points will be supported by examples of Ethiopian regime supported journalism and journalists who are in jail for speaking out against the regime. The assumptions are that the U.S. and U.N. allow the Ethiopian regime to conduct an unofficial cyber espionage program. Another assumption is that China is directly supporting the unofficial cyber espionage program with aid.
The people of Ethiopia are under the impression that if they live their lives in a lawful manner they have nothing to worry about. The constitution affords them the rights to privacy and their own thoughts. This is not the case for journalist or bloggers who have a dissident view of the regime in Ethiopia. The...
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...ia, 2014) Arrested and tortured journalists or bloggers in Ethiopia are not new; these nine represent only a fraction. More than eight convicted journalists have up to life sentences, since 2012.
**Swedish** This is something that affects journalist that are from the country; who are from other countries visiting; or from Ethiopia and living in the United States. The far reaching duct tape of the Ethiopian Government makes some wonder what they are hiding. There are acts of
Espionage in Ethiopia fuels suspicion of what they are hiding.
***“Journalism is way to provide oversight for the people of any country in keeping the government organization in line. Without investigative journalism the government can hide anything from corruption to terrorism. The use of the term Anti-Terrorism would be a clever ploy to hide illegal actions on the government’s part.
The author is this article is Kalev Leetaru, he is known as an American internet entrepreneur and academic. He is also a contributor to Foreign Policy, where he discusses current political events worldwide. He was appointed adjunct assistant professor at Georgetown university which is ranked #6 internationally and is an extremely well respected university in Washington DC.
“ When traditional modes of repression (exposure, blatant harassment, and prosecution for political crimes) failed to counter the growing insurgency, and even helped to fuel it, the Bureau took the law into its own hands and secretly used fraud and force to sabotage constitutionally-protected political activity. It’s methods ranged far beyond surveillance and amounted to a domestic version of the covert action for which the CIA has become infamous throughout the world.”
“The 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan and the Press Law of July 1965 provided for freedom of the press subject to comprehensive articles of proper behavior. According to the Press Law, the press was free (i.e., independent of government ownership) but must protect the interests of the state and constitutional monarchy, Islam, and public order. When the government was overthrown in July of 1973, 19 newspapers were shut down. Western-style freedom of the press has methodically eroded during the regimes of dictatorship, communism, Mujahidin factions, and the Taliban ("Press Reference–Afghanistan").” When it comes to law enforcement, it is the duty of the ruling power to carry it out. But when the ruling power promulgates laws that sternly go against the freedoms guaranteed by previous edicts of the country, the civilians have no choice but to endure the reality of a deprived life.
The internet is a place where people can freely express their political or other views for people to see. A recent study, Freedom of Net, by the activist group Freedom House shows both the immense censorship of information around the world and the declining freedom of information around the world, “Two-thirds of all internet users, 67 per cent, live in countries where criticism of the government, military, or ruling family are subject to censorship” (APF & Bell). The report by Freedom House digs into the censorship of government criticism, military criticism, and negative views on the ruling family in two thirds of countries studied in the report with governments around the world are silencing the voices of people and their publications. By censoring the people's voices, the governments are able to control the population and their views on not only their own government, but also countries around the world. Governments around the world are stepping up their censorship of public information posted on social media by taking actions to suppress the publications before they even begin. The report by Freedom House shares how police around the world are arresting and punishing those who have taken to social media to complain about a topic that makes the country look bad. The report states: “Social media users face unprecedented penalties, as authorities in 38 countries made
The Oscar Pistorius murder trial has brought to light the ever-present tensions between an individual’s right to privacy, especially when they are a public figure and the media’s right to freedom of expression especially when the information is in the public interest. South Africa as a country with a history of discrimination always strives to uphold all the rights of its citizens so in a case such as Pistorius’ where there are two rights in contrast, it is never clear which one should be wavered in favour of the other. Everyone, be he public figure or not, is entitled to some form of privacy; the aim then for the media, and the courts is to find out how far the privacy of individuals can be breached in the name of public interest. Another important issue that must be taken into account is whether the information is of public interest or if it is information that the public will find interesting to know; in other words, one must discern whether the information is of public interest and newsworthy or if it is simply newsworthy.
In today’s society, free speech is a right guaranteed to every American in the U.S., but not all countries give their citizens that right. As computer and internet technology has grown, so too has the number of violations against free speech around the world. Some of these include censorship of the press by the government, punishment for speaking against the government, and punishment for voicing unpopular opinions. The computer and internet technology of the world is often used in these suppressions of free speech.
Owen, Ursula. "Problem or Solution?" Index on Censorship. 3 (2006): 1. EBSCOhost. Accessed March 22, 2010.
The freedom of speech that was possible on the Internet could now be subjected to governmental approvals. For example, China is attempting to restrict political expression, in the name of security and social stability. It requires users of the Internet and electronic mail (e-mail) to register, so that it may monitor their activities. In the United Kingdom, state secrets and personal attacks are off limits on the Internet. Laws are strict and the government is extremely interested in regulating the Intern et with respect to these issues.10 Laws intended for other types of communication will not necessarily apply in this medium.
Sierra Leone is a country that is considered free country with 6.1 million people living there. Sierra Leone was being slowly established as a Democratic state after a civil war took place from 1991 to 2002. Sierra Leone is now considered an electoral democracy after its November elections were generally peaceful, with police responding to a few instances of electoral misconduct. The status of Sierra Leone is Free with a freedom rating of 2.5 with1 being the best and 7 being the worst. The civil liberties score for Sierra Leone is 3 with 1 being the best 7 being the worst and a score of 2 for political rights based on the same scale. The new constitution was established in 1991, and has a section titled, The Recognition and Protection of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms of the Individual. In the Freedom of Speech section the constitution states, “There shall be freedom of speech, debate and proceedings in Parliament and that freedom shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament” (Sierra Leone Constitution). While freedoms of speech and the press are constitutionally guaranteed, they are not always respected in practice. In recent years discussion of a freedom of information bill has been ongoing for several years, in 2009 the government figures pledged their support and in June 2010 the cabinet approved the bill. Since then the progress of the bill has halted. Sierra Leone is not completely cut off from the media. “The government made significant progress toward reforming and strengthening electoral institutions and soliciting assistance from civil society organizations in monitoring political parties, and the election was considered a milestone for the consolidation of peace in the co...
The implementation of freedom of expression entails the abilities to raise the individual’s belief, ideas or opinions by all legal means, the opinions or ideas stated or presented must therefore not cause or lead to harm, hatred, violence or injustice to others (Anon., 2016). The use of and accurate information will not be restricted by censorship (Anon., 1990). The inhabitants may contest acts that violate their rights which are documented under the constitution and other laws in Mozambique.
...nities become apparent, when most human activities are carried on in cyberspace. Some basic ethical issues on the use of IT on global networks consist of personal privacy, data access rights, and harmful actions on the Internet. These basic issues have been solved partially using technological approaches. Besides these protection technologies, legal laws are also needed in cyberspace to address hundreds of countries, which are incorporated into one global network. Guidelines and strategies should be implemented so that global information can be exploited in a socially and ethically sensitive way for our future benefit and applications. These and many more ethical issues urgently need the attention of governments, businesses, educational institutions, public and private individuals worldwide.
The aim of this essay is to link the shady and misunderstood world of international espionage with the public world of politics as well as reveal the role of espionage in international relations and states. This essay will also delve into the problem of individual privacy in terms of internal espionage.
...s”, Press Release, (2 May 2013) at: http://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/3728/en/; Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), “Malaysian sites report disruption of access near elections”, (3 May 2013) at:http://cpj.org/2013/05/news-sites-report-disruption-of-access-in-runup-to.php; “Malaysia denies entry to critical journalist”, (5 July 2013) at: http://cpj.org/2013/07/malaysia-denies-entry-to-critical-journalist.php; Human Rights Watch (HRW), “Violence, cyber-attacks threaten elections”, (1 May 2013) at: http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/05/01/malaysia-violence-cyber-attacks-threaten-elections.
Media surveillance can have good as well as bad consequences. Misinterpretation and panics fabricated by news media have often threatened security in good policies, people, and products. The individuals and economic implications have been huge. For instance, suspicious stories that challenged the well-being of bioengineered foods lead to the lose millions of dollars in the damaged
Izuba Community Radio is one example where the radio has organized an active network of citizens, a set of ‘107 community reporters’ termed ‘imbonis’ (monitors). These reporters are given intensive trainings on basic journalistic principles which allow them to participate in daily activities of the radio (Kayihura, 2011). The role of citizen journalism in revolutionizing the mainstream media in Rwanda is more or less palpable at least over the last 10 years after the advent of Internet and liberalization of media market in the country. However, the development of citizen journalism is still in its infancy and owes much to the wide adoption of mobile phones. Loopholes surround the practice of this phenomenon. Not all the contents from the audiences are broadcast by most radio stations for mainly two reasons. Either messages overflow in too big numbers and time is never enough to read them all, or some contents are thought not to be ‘constructive’. Therefore, censorship is openly conducted because the ‘radio works in the interest of the government’. Call-in programs are also censored – though with so much discomfort as they are live – when the radio journalists ‘think a caller is about to say unnecessary things’ (Nduhura, 2013). Paucity of research on citizen journalism in Rwanda has therefore prompted the researcher to