1-Introduction It’s a well known fact that English is one of the most challenging languages to learn. The difficulty students have with it depends on what their first language is; English is going to be easier to learn if the students' mother tongue language already has the same roots of English, and is therefore more closely related to it. Mastering collocations in English is one of the problematic area for EFL students. One of the problems with collocation is its arbitrary nature: there is no “rule” that it’s “in regard to” and not “on regard to”—it just is. The traditional vocabulary list may be of little value as words are not learned and used in isolation but rather with the phrases they occur in. Deuter et al (2002: vii) define Collocation as "the way words combine in a language to produce natural sounding speech and writing". An expression such as ' a large population "is called collocation because the word 'large' collocates-co-occurs frequently in the same location as the word '' population. In this expression, 'big' cannot be substituted for the word" large".. To Ghazala (2006, p.65), "Collocations are words which are usually found next to other words, or are 'co-located' with one another. Therefore, …show more content…
Patessan (ibid) summarizes the importance of learning collocation in the following points: It gives the most neutral way to say something; for example, smoking is strictly forbidden is more natural than smoking is strongly forbidden". Interestingly, It gives more expressive and more precise ways of saying something; for example, he has a permanent disability is more precise than he has a disability that will continue until he dies. Also, it improves the writing and the speaking style. The most important result of lacking of knowledge about collocations is damaging the communication process due to odd
In addition, one best way to insert reading in an ESL/EFL class is the use of dictionaries. Min (2013), in his journal Vocabulary acquisition: Practical strategies for ESL students pointed out that for ESL, he alluded that “a very useful resource that can help learners comprehend the collocation partnerships of words is the encoding dictionary” (Min, 2013). It would help the L1 learners to first understand word meanings as they read through to increase their vocabulary acquaintance.
Crystal, David. The English Language: A Guided Tour of the Language. London: Penguin Books, 2002
Every single day, humans have misused every word they possibly could. Why is that, you may ask? Surely we must be advanced beings who are able to speak in the language we ourselves have created? To answer those questions, I can simply say: I don’t know! It makes no sense whatsoever and it is so annoying! Like, literally! And this time I actually mean it! I absolutely hate seeing words butchered over and over again. We’ve all got our pet peeves. This one’s mine! It just gets me!
In today's highly competitive and global business landscape, being able to communicate quickly and effectively gives employees and entire organizations an edge over less articulate competitors. Having good grammar in the workplace can show how much you care about your career, managers do not tolerate poor grammar usage and, can even be a key factor in a future promotion.
The term collocation is an expression that consists of two or two more words. According to Benson, Benson, and Ilson (1986) collocation is divided into two major groups, known as grammatical collocation and lexical collocation.
Sharma, B., 2008. “World Englishes, English as a Lingua Franca, and English Pedagogy”, Journal of NELTA 13 (2), pp. 121-130. Available from
Words are used daily. Conversations occur frequently. Interpretation is key. But are you sending the right message? Single words hold so much power, but do you hold it or does the interpreter? People change words and words affect people. There will always be a speaker and a listener. The speaker needs to think about the listener when talking. If the communication between the two is mistaken it could affect the relationship. This is why I would like to teach a class on connotative word choice.
In this “English as a Second Language” class, students will be learning how to communicate and understand conversations for interactions in normal life in the English language. To be able to understand informal conversations students will need to know some of the slurs and swear words in the English language. Students will also need to understand the context which they are used in, whether a word is being used in a joking manner, an insult, or as a word to add emotion to what is being said. This is why we will be taking two class periods to talk about swearing in English. We will not be teaching how to swear in English, but informing students about swearing in the English language, because there is a big difference.
Shehata, A.K. “L1 Influence on the Reception and Production of Collocations by Advanced ESL/EFL Arabic Learners of English”. Department of Linguistics and the College of Arts and Sciences, 2008.
The authors have attempted in this paper to explain how the English vocabulary evolves and grows. They have identified over a dozen ways in which this happens, some of the more common being imitation, new meanings, change of speech, affixation, portmanteau words etc. They have supplied a large number of examples to substantiate their points.
To be successful in this area of language use one needs to have developed pragmatic competence as speech acts, implicature , situational routines and politeness.
The set of data were analyzed using Brinton’s 2010 noun phrase rules, from the book. The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. Brinton states that “Noun phrases consist of a noun and any modifiers, complements, and determiners that provide more information about the noun” (Brinton, L. J., Brinton, D., & Brinton, L. J. (2010). The book covers the topics of Pragmatics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax and Lexical and sentence semantics. The text is aimed towards advanced undergraduate students concerned with contemporary English, primarily those whose main area of interest is English as a second language (ESL). Primary or secondary-school education, theoretical and applied linguistics, English stylistics or speech pathology. The main focus is on English data, giving a pragmatic clarification of the structure of the language over
Pragmatics Aspects: Deixis and Distance, reference and inference, conversational implicature, anaphoric and cataphoric reference, presupposition, entailment, direct and indirect speech acts and speech events, cultural context and cross cultural pragmatics, conversational analysis and background knowledge, denotation and connotation meaning, the four maxims and hedges.
Reiteration, as the first category of lexical cohesion, is a phenomenon in which the lexical item refers back to another item that has a connection with a general reference. It is a lexical cohesion which forms a constituent that has been mentioned. Reiteration consists of repetition, hyponymy, synonyms, and antonymy. The purpose of using these aspects of reiteration is to obtain the effect of the intensity of the meaning of language, information events, and beauty of other languages. Haliday and Hasan (1976) says that:
Cohesion is the basis of any article. It is a main step of linking appropriate terms or grammar form into an article. So cohesion method generally includes two types which are: lexical and grammatical cohesion. In any text, lexical cohesion is the result of chains of related words that take part in the maintenance of continuity of lexical meaning. While grammatical cohesion could be defined as the relations between sentences and paragraphs that produce unity in any text. This present study trace the lexical and grammatical cohesion in the following three articles: Black. Male. Feminism, published in an African American magazine, See the Highlights of Africa with Presidential Private Jet Vacations, extracted from