2.2.1 GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD (GTM) Grammar is a term in linguistics that is defined as a set of structural rules that governs the composition of words, phrases, and clauses in any given natural language. In short, every language has its own grammar. Grammar involves related sub-fields such as syntax, phonetics, morphology, and semantics. It is the structural foundation of your ability to express yourself in a way that other people can understand. Without this set of rules, a language or a dialect would be disorganized and creating meaning would be a difficult task. If you frequently read things posted on the Internet, you will find two kinds of people: those who have inherently bad grammar, and those who spend all their time correcting …show more content…
They are, to develop the students ' reading ability and; 2. To develop their general mental discipline. 2.2.2 BEHAVIORISM Behaviorism is a theory in Psychology which says that one can predict a person 's movements by classifying his behaviour.Ralph W.Fasol (2006,p.224) affirms that “one of the early explanations of language acquisition was rooted in behaviorism, a theory that held that language is essentially a habit, a behavior like any other, which is mastered through general learning principles”. Fasold describes three important principles that include: 1. Imitation; 2. Reinforcement; 3. punishment. For instance, a child might imitate a parents’s use of the word duck. The parent, upon hearing the child’s word , might provide positive reinforcement such as ‘yes, it is a duck’ and a smile, or, alternatively, might look away if the child’s utterance is not comprehended. In this way, the child’s more target-like utterance are rewarded ( and thus tend to be repeated) while the non- target-like utterances are ‘punished’. He concludes that, ‘ behaviorism tend to focus on observable behaviors rather than internal or innate process.Accordingly they assume that children are essentially’interested’bystanders, bringing no special abilities or innate machanisms to bear on the language process.While this approach has a certain commosense appeal, behaviorism is no longer the dominant research paradigm in the study of child …show more content…
Cognitive-behaviorism is an Approach to teaching lended theory that incorporates both cognitive theory and behaviorism. According to cognitive-behaviorism, our responses are based on a complex interaction between thoughts and behaviors. Modern cognitive-behaviorism also incorporates elements of feeling-based learning theories, such as rational-emotive theory. According to these principles, we are complex human beings whose responses are based on ongoing interactions between our thoughts, feelings and
Behaviorism, or learning theory is one of three “grand theories” of human development. The focus of behaviorism is observable behavior, with no reference to mental processes. As a learning theory behaviorism, assumes that learning occurs via interactions with the environment, through the process of conditioning.
Behaviourism is a theory of learning which suggests that all behaviours are obtained as a result of conditioning...
Behaviourism theory focuses on the behaviour that is observable. For behaviourism theory there is no need for internal mental processing, Acquisition of new behaviour through conditioning that occurs through interaction with the environment. For an example when the teacher ask a question the classroom to check whether the learners understand majority of learners in the classroom will raise their hands and that shows the do understand the so teacher can move to another chapter. The teaching methods that can be used for behaviourism theory are rote learning, lecturing and Drill and practice. Curriculum in behaviourism theory must organize objectives and clear outcomes. The view of learning for learners must be passive.
Behaviorism revolves around the measurable and observable characteristics of human behavior, and is based off of the principle that behavior is a result of stimulus-response associations. The purpose of this learning theory is using conditioning in order to acquire a desired behavior. Once understood, the use of behaviorism can be an effective tool in the classroom for educators to use.
Behaviorism” the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning without appeal to thoughts or feeling, and psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns” www.oxford dictionaries.com. One of the major components and theorists associated with this theory is learning and J.B. Watson. Learning is define as” the activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill
Behaviorism is a theory that states that humans and animals can be explained in terms of their behavior without reference to their thoughts and feelings. How a person behaves tells us about the person and thoughts and feelings are meaningless without outward expression. There are two kinds of behaviorism that I will discuss in this essay, Psychological Behaviorism and Logical Behaviorism.
There are many intriguing branches of psychology, but behaviorism captured many aspiring psychologists and young minds in the 1920s and 1930, and has been the dominant orientation since the mid 30s. Behaviorism was the radical revision of the method of psychological research. Consciousness was not accepted at the time and behaviorism called for the ban of introspection. Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that started with John B. Watson’s “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it.” Even though considered innate, researching this topic will show behavior is learned more by environmental factors through modeling and observing. The founder, Watson, created classical conditioning, and later B.F. Skinner contributed with operant conditioning. Watson’s evidence was his most famous experiment, the “Little Albert Experiment.”
Behaviorism known as learning theory states that the reason why people think, act, and feel the way they do is because they learned it. John Watson in 1913 started this movement claiming that learning wasn’t just about our neutrons or your genes. It’s believed that all behavior is learned from surrounding behaviors and behavior is a result of stimulus and response. Behaviorism is also scientific but ignores biology, it has many experiments to support its theories and is highly applicable in therapy. There are three ways to apply behaviorism, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
According to the video entitled Behaviorism: A general overview of behaviorist learning theory, this approach to learning rejects the emphasis on the conscious and unconscious mind and focuses on the observable behavior of the subject. The principle of the behaviorism theory is that there is a direct association between a stimulus and the response an individual makes, the change in an individual’s behavior indicates that learning has occurred, and that individuals are not born with disposition to act in particular ways (Ormrod, 2012). In classrooms where the behavioral technique is used, there are often behavior modification and token reward systems in place (Campana, 2011).
Overall, Behaviorism is an important topic in today’s society. Although the main focus was in the 20th century, Behaviorism is still talked about today by many psychologists. Three important figures like Watson, Pavlov and Skinner were only a few that came up with their own experiments in order to prove that behaviorism all depends on observable behavior. Hence, Behaviorism is known to be behaviors that are acquired through conditioning in the
As we all know, behaviorism is also known as behavioral psychology. This is based on the idea that behaviors are acquired using conditioning. This occurs when a person interacts with his or her environment. Behavior can be studied in a systematic manner only considering the observable and not including the internal thoughts of the person. Behaviors are influenced by external factors, from the conditioning of parents to situations in the environment.
Behaviorism was developed to study observable behavior. Because behaviorism describes the learning process it is also known as the learning theory. Behaviorists indicate that learning and development progress over time, and that the process is due to natural behavior guidelines that control responses and actions. Behaviorism theorists explain conditioning as a response that is paired with a specific stimuli, and thus learning begins. The two types of conditioning are classical and operant. These two types of theories are different in many ways, but are also extremely similar.
As the name implies, behaviorism focuses on people’s behaviors, which are directly observable, rather than on the mental systems underlying these behaviors (Narasimhan, 1998). Language is viewed as a kind of verbal behavior and it is proposed that children learn language through imitation, reinforcement, analogy, and structured input (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2003).
Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.
The successful application of these theories have been very interdisciplinary in their use, being applicable in the development of disorders and even calculating spending patterns across social groups. Behaviorism and social learning have evolved beyond the original use of solely educational purposes. However, the effectiveness of the behaviorism theory has come into question as an educational approach., L’Ecuyer (2014) explains that the behaviorism approach, “emphasizes the accumulation of information (knowledge), on external behaviors (skills and mechanical habits) and their emotional and physical reactions in given situations, rather than on the person’s internal mental states, such as intentionality, which are much more complex (p.2). The article questions the modern effectiveness of the behaviorism approach on children. I have found that the theory of social learning when paired with the behaviorism theory is still very useful in education, even with the influx of modern technologies. At the very core, behaviorism, both classical and, seeks to explain why humans react to certain stimuli. Operant is more used in socially especially in child rearing, how to effectively discipline and child via reinforcement of positive behaviors or corporal punishment for negative behaviors is still a highly debated topic. Social learning can also heavily influence