Principle of laser:-
The principle of laser is based on stimulated emission of radiation of the atoms. The incident photon may stimulate one of the photon to emit a photon similar to the incident photon; the atom jumping itself to lower energy level, such an emission is called stimulated emission. The rate of stimulated emission can be enhanced by the creation of the situation in which the number of atom in higher energy level is greater than that in a lower energy level; this is known as population inversion. The population inversion involves more than two energy level of the atom or molecule. The process of population inversion is called optical pumping. If the atom is initially in the lower energy state it can be
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So the laser light has a single spectral color and is almost the purest monochromatic light. RUBY LASER: (A THREE LEVEL LASER)
The first successful laser was the ruby laser fabricated by Maim an in 1960.Ruby is a synthetic crystal of AluminumOxide in which some of the Aluminum ions in the crystal lattice are replaced by the CR ions from the 0.05% of Chromium oxide. The red color of the ruby crystal is due to the presence of these Cr ions in it. The ruby crystals are grown in the form of rods having the 2 to 30 cm length and about 0.5 to 2 cm diameter. The end faces of this rod are made exactly parallel. One of the faces is made fully reflecting and the other is partially reflecting by polishing them with the AG, the two ends thus form a resonant cavity. The ruby rod is kept inside liquid to keep it cool. A helical xenon flash discharge tube surrounds the whole arrangement, which is allowed to flash discharge tube surrounds the whole arrangement which is allowed to flash for
Absorbance was defined as: log I_o/I where I_o is incident light and I is the transmitted light. Fluorescence emission spectrum is different from fluorescence excitation spectrum because it records different wavelengths of chemical s...
Figure 2: The absorabancy spectrum shows how absorbent the photosynthetic pigments are at different wavelengths of light. Note: Green light is between 500 to 570 nm and red light is between 630 to 720 nm.
A spectrum is a group of light wavelengths that are ordered in relation to their wavelength length. The electromagnetic spectrum consists radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. (1)Specifically, this lab looks at the visible light part of the spectrum because one of the colors in the visible light spectrum is shine through the sample. The visible light spectrum consists of colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The color chosen to be shine through the sample is affected by the color of sample when mixed with the indicator Ammonium Vanadomolybdate (AMV). The color on the color wheel that is opposite of the solution’s color is the color that is shined through the
"Production of Refractory Metal Powders," in Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, vol. 7, 1998, pp. 188-201.
Color can be viewed based on three different dimensions. The Munsell color system classifies colors based on hue, value, and chroma. Hue describes the color family or underlying tone (e.g., green, blue, red). Value describes the brightness or darkness on the scale on zero to ten, zero being white and ten being black. Chroma describes the saturation or vividness of a color. The appearance of teeth is affected in three ways by whitening. First, whitening reduces the amount of chroma in the tooth—the pigment or intensity of color is reduced. Second, whitening changes the hue, or color, or the teeth. Thirdly, whitening changed the value of the teeth.
This process of exciting an electron to a higher energy state and then dropping it back to its ground state is what causes light to be produced in the reaction of luminol. Luminol, C8H7N3O2, is not a compound found in nature . However, related compounds called luciferins can be found in organism such as fireflies and luminescent jellyfish. Luminol is a manufactured compound that is most well-known for its use in crime scene investigations. Lumin...
and can see just one color, and various shades of that color. This form is even
Light is both part particle and part wave. Light is “the electromagnetic radiation that may be perceived by the human eye”. It consists of photons, which are massless bundles of concentrated electromagnetic energy. Light’s lower frequency is red, and the higher frequency is blue. Like sound, light has frequencies humans can’t detect. Ultraviolet light is at a frequency higher than violet, and infrared is at the frequency lower than the red of visible light. We get UV (ultraviolet) rays from the sun, and infrared is used in night vision to see better.
A spectrum is an image or distribution of colour of any electromagnetic radiation arranged in a progressive series according to wavelength.
Each atom can exist in an unlimited number of different states, the so-called stationary states. Each of these stationary states is characterized by a given energy level. The difference between two such energy levels, divided by Planck’s constant h, is the oscillation frequency of a spectral line that can be emitted by the atom.
The spectrum that is taken by the hubble space telescope is the visible light spectrum, ultraviolet. Light ...
Light is what lets you experience colour. The pigment of the retina in your eyes is sensitive to different lengths of light waves which allows you to see different colours. The wavelengths of light that humans can see are called the visible colour spectrum.
Refraction of Light Aim: To find a relationship between the angles of incidence and the angles of refraction by obtaining a set of readings for the angles of incidence and refraction as a light ray passes from air into perspex. Introduction: Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where it's speed is different. The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. The amount of bending depends on the indices of refraction of the two media and is described quantitatively by Snell's Law. (Refer to diagram below)
In the world of fascinating sights, colors are all are found everywhere in all sorts of ways. Colors are put into categories and types depending on what one is looking at. Some categories of colors may include: value-tints/shades, complementary colors, analogous colors, cool colors, warm colors, and neutral colors. The types of colors within these categories include: primary, secondary, tertiary, complementary, analogous, active and passive colors. These types and categorizes can be seen in a circular diagram that is divided by hue, saturation, and value called, the color wheel. The color wheel consists of all colors that are within the visible spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum A basic color wheel includes: red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, and violet. As one looks cl...
Light can be classified as a form of electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light. The ‘light’ commonly referred to in everyday life belongs in this category. The electromagnetic spectrum includes other types of radiation such as gamma rays, radio waves and cosmic rays, all of which possess distinct wavelengths, frequencies and energy levels. These forms of electromagnetic radiation are not visible to the human eye but can be perceived by selected species of animals, such as bees. Figure 1 below displays the electromagnetic spectrum and provides a basic insight into the respective characteristics of different forms of radiation.