The term preperimetric glaucoma refers to the presence of neural damage in the absence of functional loss sufficient for detection by standard VF techniques. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest and debate regarding the management of patients with preperimetric glaucoma. Further to the general agreement that changes in the optic nerve are permanent, progressive, and associated with reduced quality of life (Singh and Greenfield, 2011). One of the limitations in guiding therapeutic decisions for preperimetric glaucoma is that there are no randomized controlled trials in this patient population. Thus, careful surveillance of patients for progression is important. Structural and functional observations from at least five exams are
Treatment depends on signs and severity of disease. These treatments include artificial tears, surgery, glucocorticoids, immunomodulators and prisms. Artificial tears can be used for corneal exposure and associated dryness. In severe lid retraction, eyelid surgery can be considered. Orbital congestion and optic neuropathy can be treated by high dose glucocorticoids. Steroid-sparring agents and additional immunomodulators (cyclosporine, azathioprine) are also used. Sometimes, surgical decompression of the orbit is necessary to prevent severe exophthalmos and optic nerve compression. If patients have diplopia secondary to muscle enlargement and fibrosis, prisms and then strabismus surgery are needed after the inflammatory response is controlled. Eyelid surgery is suggested in patients that have severe exposure due to a fibrotic levator
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Every ten years after the age of 50 the prevalence of this disease increases exponentially. Many different factors contribute to the development of AMD including genetic, environment, and metabolic functions. Aside from smoking, abnormal blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet low in fruits and vegetables, many more studies are concluding that similar inflammatory and oxidative processes seen in other age related diseases are also playing a key role in the development of AMD. This disease affects the central areas of the retina and choroid. In return central vision is impaired while peripheral vision is usually not lost. AMD is seen in two different forms, the earlier nonneovascular (dry) type and the more advanced neovascular (wet) type. Each form has its own specific pathology and unique characteristics that set them apart. Fatty, protein deposits called drusens may be the key risk factor in understanding dry AMD pathology, progression, and treatment. Once the more advanced wet AMD is diagnosed, pathology and treatment are targeted around the formation and destruction of abnormal blood vessels, characteristic of the wet AMD eye. The increasing prevalence of AMD has influenced more investigation into what factors can be modulated to prevent the onset or to stop the progression of AMD. Early diagnosis is very important because this is when an eye doctor can spot the early signs of the disease through ultrasound or angiography. This text will discuss the pathology of drusens and the role of inflammation and oxidation in the aged eye. By better understanding these processes more effective treatment approaches and preventive...
Rossetti, Y., Rode, G., Pisella, L., Farne, A., Li, L., Boisson, D., & Perenin, M.-T. (1998). Prism adaptation to rightward optical deviation rehabilitates left hemispatial neglect. Nature, 166-168. pp. 166-168.
Helplessness is a category of psychological sickness that makes people feel lugubrious and desperate to despair imprisonment from freedom. The Third Eye, which can be also called metacognition, is an asset that people have the inner critique to think about the way they behave responsibly and maturely.
Salvi, S M, S Akhtar, and Z Currie. “Ageing Changes in the Eye.” Postgraduate Medical
Swann, J. (2008) ‘Mechanics of vision and common visual impairments’, Nursing and Residential Care, 10(1), 633-636.
This study will look to identify whether age is a factor in the degree of distraction while driving for hearing impaired individuals. Previous research has looked into several influences on driving such as extent of hearing impairment (Hickson et al. 2010), dual sensory impairments in correlation with motor vehicle accidents (Green, McGwin, & Owsley, 2013), as well as the detection of warning sounds in vehicles (Slawinski & MacNeil, 2002). It is hypothesized that individuals that are older in age will be more susceptible to increased levels of distraction while driving due to findings from previous research. Provided by the general population of Georgia, the study will consist of 180 participants separated into three age groups in order to
Imagine a researcher requesting you to copy a picture. It's a simple task. You move your instrument of illustration across a sheet of blank paper with ease, glancing from the given picture to your own sketch in progress. When you are finished you observe a satisfactory replica and feel a sense of accomplishment and proficiency with the similarity you have achieved between picture and sketch. Then the researcher queries whether you can tell him what you have drawn. You search the interconnected lines, the edges, and the shapes of your sketch but cannot answer what the picture represents. Finally, an explanation is given. You have just drawn a house- a simple triangle resting on top of a square. Your sense of accomplishment is quickly replaced with a feeling of despair.
Fluid circulating inside the front portion of the eye is produced by a structure called the ciliary body, which is located behind the iris. This fluid moves through the opening of the pupil, passes into the space between the iris and the cornea, and drains out of the eye through a tissue called the angle. With glaucoma, the passing of fluid through the angle is either reduced or suddenly stops, and amounts of fluid inside the eye increase. This high fluid pressure hurts the nerve fibers and the eye's optic nerve and causes blind spots. It may lead to blindness in some cases.
The Definition of Expertise in My Eyes Expertise is essential in the sense that it allows individuals to establish themselves in the society. Not only does expertise help people make a living, but also allow people to make achievement and earn respect. In the articles, the three authors share their insights on the path to gain expertise and the pitfalls to avoid. I can't agree with them more, as expertise is skilled knowledge, the most efficient way to gain it is applying theories into adequate practice and discovering new things through their experience. Being experts in certain fields not only enable people handle matters more professional than a layman, but also enrich their lives.
From the outside looking in, people might see a series of peculiar expressions, an odd distraction, and an unparalleled eye connection, but they see you nevertheless. Although in return, why couldn't you do the same? You frantically scour their physical features: their ears, their hair, “the way they move”, anything that distinguishes them. Their image seems clear in person, but the moment they leave, their face becomes a mismatched puzzle as the details become hazier within seconds. Prosopagnosia, commonly known as face blindness, is a condition where part of the brain that recognizes familiar faces fails to develop due to brain injury or a genetic condition. This condition is an obstacle in which both Finn, the protagonist in the novel Bone
Macular degeneration also known as late, aged-related maculopathy is an eye disorder which causes a decrease in the visual field known as the retinal macula (Medical Encyclopedia, 2000). The majority of people who are affected are people over the age of 65, but occasionally it develops earlier in people 40-50 years old (Philippi, 2000). The majority of the visual loss is located in the central part of the visual field, while the peripheral vision is unharmed. There are also two types of macular degeneration, the "wet" and "dry" forms. The "dry" form of this disease is the most popular, affecting 90% of the cases (American Academy of Ophthalmology, 1997).
I have always believed Optometry would be a stimulating and rewarding profession for me to pursue. I have observed first-hand the positive difference Optometrists make to people’s lives on a daily basis, both through treatment of current health concerns and more importantly, preventative healthcare which is a key objective for society in the future. The ability to have such an impact on an individual’s lifestyle would leave me with an immense sense of job satisfaction. I have thoroughly enjoyed my BTEC Extended Diploma in Applied Science programme, especially the Physics and Maths units. As an optometrist, their primary role involves measurement and optical correction of sight defects (refractive errors), detection and recognition of ocular disease and dysfunction.