Preparation of Mosquito Repellent Fabrics
Abstract:
A mosquito repellent substrate includes a fabric which is impregnated with a repellent carrier composition. The carrier composition includes a mosquito repellent (e.g. permethrin, prallethrin etc.), binder, emulsifier and cross linker. The carrier composition is applied as a finish or printed onto the fabric.
1. Introduction
1.1 About Mosquitoes
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever, have plagued civilization for thousands of years. There are many kind of mosquitoes, each of which has a different habitat, behavior and preferred source of blood. About ten of these species are so numerous, and such vicious biters of man and animals, that an organized mosquito control is necessary because mosquitoes are not a nuisance as biting insects, but are also involved periodically in transmitting disease to humans and animals.
Only female mosquitoes bite. When adult mosquitoes emerge from the aquatic stages, they mate, and the female seeks a blood meal to obtain the proteins for the development of her eggs. After a blood meal is digested and the eggs are laid, the female mosquito depending on her stamina and the weather may repeat this process many times without mating again. They usually feed every 3 to 4 days; in a single feeding, a female mosquito typically consumes more than its own weight in blood. Male mosquitoes feed primarily on flower nectar. He lives for only a short time after mating. Certain species of mosquitoes prefer to feed at twilight or nighttime; others bite mostly during the day.
Mosquitoes home in on people because they are giving off carbon dioxide, lactic acid, body odor and also heat. Mosquitoes use carbon dioxide and lactic acid like sign posts to our body - following them until they find our skin and they bite us.
1.2 About Mosquito Repellents
1.2.1 Permethrin
Permethrin is a human-made synthetic pyrethroid. It does not repel insects but works as a contact insecticide, causing nervous system toxicity that leads to the death or "knockdown" of the insect. The chemical is effective against mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and chiggers. Permethrin has low toxicity in mammals, is poorly absorbed by the skin, and is rapidly inactivated by ester hydrolysis.
Density: 1.19 g/cm³
Chemical Formula: C21H20Cl2O3
Boiling Point: 200°C
1.2.2 Prallethrin
Prallethrin is also a pyrethroid. It works on the same principle as permethrin. It has been found to be more effective on Indian mosquitoes than permethrin.
1.2.3 DEET
DEET is N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide. It works by evaporation, creating a shield a few inches above the area of application.
... States are minimal for people affected with disease by this invasive species, steps should still be taken to avoid an outbreak. They should be controlled to some extent. Because West Nile has taken such a toll on humans and birds, precautions should be taken to avoid being infected with this disease. Controlling the Asian Tiger Mosquito may help minimize the spread of diseases throughout the United States. Because this species of mosquito thrives in more wet condensed spaces like water cans, tipping and tossing all containers that hold water around the house or garden on a daily basis will help remove the larvae and reduce the population. Other common practices that most communities partake in, include cold fogging or spray trucks and effective mosquito traps. These are the best options so far, to help control the Asian Tiger mosquito and other mosquitos as well.
People do not need to worry about the male mosquitoes because they do not bite. The females are the biters. They need the protein in blood so their eggs will develop properly.
Spinosad insecticide is an organic compound, produced by some bacteria microbes present in the soil that were first discovered surviving in rotting sugarcane rums (Thomas, 2001). It is made of two complex compounds spinosyn A and D. The compounds are very toxic to a variety of insects and less toxic to humans and some important insects beneficial in the farm such as bees. This insecticide was first discovered by Lacey and Goodfellow, in 1975.
Living in the world that consists of three thousand different types of mosquitoes is frightening. People got used to a daily routine of waking up and getting to their jobs, that many of them are so focused on their career and family that they do not even notice and pay much attention when they are getting bitten by mosquitoes. Unfortunately not many people were aware of the fact that not all insects are safe, many of mosquitoes transfer infections, but we were not concentrating on that since it was considered not a common issue. As a repercussion, people did not begin to react and notice that something wrong with them when Aedes mosquitoes began their attempt on ruining people’s social, physical and psychological lives by transferring a Zika virus to the once who are bitten.
In the article “When Mosquitoes Were Killers in America” by Lauren Tarshis, She makes the statement “Yet mosquitoes are far more than a nuisance.” What she means is that mosquitoes aren't a little bug that just sucks a little blood and can be annoying, but instead it uses all that and more. Mosquitoes have killed millions upon millions of people by spreading disease like malaria. An example of how she supports this claim is in the article, she says “ In this way, bite by itchy bite, 212 million people are infected with malaria every year” (Tarshis 13). And that is only a year with bug spray, shots, and all the other things that help stop mosquitoes. So when the U.S. government tried to save people from these murders little insects. So they
Malathion is mainly used to control a wide variety of insects from gardens and homes. Not only is Malathion used for a pesticide, it can be found in many special shampoos to treat lice. Since Malathion will be the best for the town of Pawnee, some more in-depth explanation will be explained in the four step process of a conducting a human health risk assessment.
Creepy crawly repellents are considered pesticides so they must meet strict wellbeing measures. In 2004, Health Canada
If you’re camping or hiking with kids, then apply this repellent on their skin also, just make sure you avoid eyes and mouth. Remember that these chemical repellents can be lethal, so follow all the directions on the product carefully. You can also apply items with permethrin on your garments or purchase pre-treated clothes before visiting forests or wooded
Pesticides were designed for destroying weeds and pests. They are classified by many different factors. They are the only effective way for handling pests. Tremendous benefits have been derived from pesticides. Although Roundup and Ronstar may be harmful to the aquatic mammals, they help farmers tremendously. If used correctly they are a good and easy way to kill weeds, insects and any other pests.
Nearly half a billion people are infected with malaria each year and more than a million people die from this disease. Malaria is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito infected with malaria parasites. When the parasites enter the human body, it slowly destroys the body’s red blood cells, eventually killing the patient if left without undergoing immediate treatment (Stanmeyer 2007). One of the means employed to counter the spread of malaria is through the use of DDT as an insecticide to kill the mosquitoes before they are able to infect more people.
The female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles spread malaria among humans. The female mosquitoes require blood meals for egg production. The blood meals can come from different animals. Some mosquitoes have specific tastes while others generally feed on whatever and/or whoever. These blood meals are the connection between the human and the mosquito hosts malaria parasite life cycle. There are several factors which influence the prosperous development of the malaria parasites in the mosquito. One such crucial factor is temperature. The malaria parasites require ambient temperatures and humidity to thrive. Higher temperatures are more suitable for the growth acceleration of the parasite in the mosquito. In addition, the Anopheles must survive long enough for the parasite to finish its cycle in the mosquito host. The duration usually takes almost ten to eighteen days. Unlike the humans, the mosquito does not evidently suffer from hosting the parasites.
The female Anopheles mosquito which transmits the malaria parasites feed on the person when the mosquito has pierc...
When you suffer from mosquito bites, the skin is irritated and itchy. At such times, you can use it on the bites. It will be of help in reducing the swelling and/or irritation caused by the mosquito bites.
There are few animals in the world that have as medically significant biology as mosquitoes. Carrying diseases that annually kill thousands, if not millions, of people worldwide, mosquitoes and the way they interact with pathogens are topics of concern for many researchers. As invertebrates, mosquitoes possess various immune responses designed to rid themselves of pathogens. Study of these immune responses has led to a deeper understanding of the ways in which the immune cells of mosquitoes, hemocytes, function and serve the purpose of killing the invasive pathogen. In conjunction with the circulatory system of the mosquito, these immune cells react in various ways upon infection with a pathogen such as a bacterium or virus. The Hillyer Lab
Pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, wipe out and control the pest problem in agriculture. The use of pesticides have become a common practice around the world, and used almost everywhere, such as agricultural fields, homes, park and school, and so on. Most pesticides are insecticides, herbicides and fungicides that have distinct purposes. Insecticides are used to control insects; herbicides are used to destroy plants; fungicides are used to prevent molds and mildews. Most commonly pesticides contain highly toxic chemical such as Acid copper chromate (ACC), Acephate and Chlorpyrifos, and so on. One of example of insecticides, Chlorpyrifos, sprays widely on a variety of food and golf courses in order to control pests in a cornfield. However, “Chlorpyrifos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can over stimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.” (EPA GOV) In the market has thousands of products are similar as Chlorpyrifos.