When infants are born prematurely, many of them present developmental complications along with a variety of medical problems. Many of these infants also experience frequent hospitalization. One of the main causes of readmission is feeding difficulties, also known as dysphagia. Dysphagia is a condition in which swallowing is considered difficult or painful. This condition is commonly seen in premature infants because of their immature sucking and uncoordinated suck, swallow, and breathing patterns. These issues can lead to delays in successful breast-feeding, dehydration, and trouble gaining weight. The harmful effects of dysphagia can be improved by a Speech Language Pathologist. Oral motor intervention, OMI, is an intervention method that many Speech Language Pathologists use in the neonatal intensive care unit, NICU. OMI is defined as sensory stimulation of the lips, jaw, tongue, soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and respiratory muscles that are considered influential in the physiological underpinnings of the oropharyngeal mechanism. This is done to improve the function of the oropharyngeal mechanism. This intervention has two types: nonnutritive sucking (NNS) and oral stimulation. NNS is used as a transition from a feeding tube to breast feeding. This technique involves a pacifier that allows the infants to learn sucking behaviors, improve digestion of enteral feedings. This has the potential to reduce length of hospital stay in premature babies. The oral stimulation technique involves gentle pressure to the lips, cheeks, tongue, and other oral structures. However, there has been no consistent data to show that oral motor intervention has positive effects on premature infants. This study examines other scholarly articles tha... ... middle of paper ... ... were found consistent throughout all the articles studied and further research is need for credibility of the intervention. Credibility of this article is proven by: the author's names and addresses being identified at the beginning of the article. The article also contained information and words that are specific to the field of study, dysphagia. Sources were also cited throughout and at the end of the article. Tables of data showed the results of their findings. References Arvedson, J., Clark, H., Frymark, T., Lazarus, C., & Schooling, T. (2010). Evidence-based systematic review: Effects of oral motor interventions on feeding and swallowing in preterm infants. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19(4), 321-340. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com2048/ps/i.do?action=interpret&id=GALE 7CA241628059&v=2.1&u=txshracd2557&it=r&p=HRCA&sw=w&authCount=1
This systematic review conducted by Takeda A, Taylor SJC, Taylor RS, Khan F, Krum H, Underwood M, (2012) sourced twenty-five trials, and the overall number of people of the collective trials included was 5,942. Interventions were classified and assessed using the following headings.-
know how essential this is to a new born baby and the difference it makes to breastfeed. The
Cook Children NICU receives around one thousand babies per year. Since the new unit was opened two years ago, they have single rooms where the parents can stay with their babies overnight, and it is controlled individually according to the patients’ needs. In the single rooms they are able to accommodate twins, triplets and quadruplets. According to Carolyn Cowling (personal communication, April.18, 2014), who is the LCSW, preemies have shown an incredible improvement in their health and are able to go home faster because they have a quicker recovery. Single rooms also allow parents to be with their infants all the time they want, even spending the night with them. Since most of them are there for a long run, it provides the feeling of being in their home.
For example the present study shows that the feeding time in babies fed with the syringe was 10ml/1.25min compared with 10ml/2.08 min without palatal obturation for cup and spoon fed babies at 6 weeks. This demonstrates that babies fed with either the syringe or the cup and spoon showed a faster feeding time than those fed with the obturator. The syringe feeding also indicated a greater volume of feed and faster feeding time. This study also shows less spill and regurgitation which is most likely a result of the tip of the syringe entering the oral cavity away from the cleft. Since the volume of the milk is measured, a more efficient delivery of the milk is possible, resulting in fewer spills. Syringe feeing is practical, easier to use, the baby gets a larger of feed and takes a shorter time to
The ability to swallow is an intricate process that includes the coordinated effort of cranial nerves and multiple muscles. Pathophysiology of aspiration is such that, food or liquid is misdirected down the respiratory pathway. In most cases aspiration will occur as it travels via the straighter path to the right main bronchus and onward to the right lower lobe of the lung (Eisenstadt, 2010). Dysphagia’s incidence after a stroke varies due to the location of the stroke and occurs between 28%-79% of the time (Lakshminarayan et al., 2010). Current state has bodies of authority without an approved dysphagia measure based on evidenced. These entities hospitals would look to for consensus and guidance are the American Heart Association (AHA), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and The Joint Commission (TJC) (Solis, n.d.). Without the endorsement of a screening tool, hospitals may not be persistently utilizing a dys...
A baby’s arrival can be very joyful for a first time mother in a way that it brings particular challenges and experiences that could change a life forever. When a baby is born premature it can discomfort the family knowing that they’re child is at risk and even exposed to death. Some of the premature babies come for the first time in the world with a defect that causes agony in the family and especially in the mother. Premature babies are a very important issue in today’s society because it involves the health of a new born. The birth of premature babies can be prevented with the help of families and the community. Therefore people have to take action in raising money for preemies to take advantage of new technology since they have a less chance to survive compared to 9-month baby.
Some mothers complain that they do not produce enough milk for their babies. Ironically, others have an oversupply of milk that their babies choke on it. To help your baby deal with this problem, position your baby's head above your nipple's level so that she is doing “uphill” nu...
By remaining exclusive to human milk, the premature infant has an increase in benefits and outcomes. This change in recommendation is due to the benefits of human milk which include “decreased rates of late-onset of sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy, sudden infant death syndrome, fewer re-hospitalizations in the first year of life, and improved neurodevelopmental outcomes.” (Underwood, M. A.). Due to an underdeveloped gastrointestinal tract, it is shown that preterm infants require smaller amounts of human milk than a full-term baby. It is crucial to teach mothers of preterm infants, that the colostrum or milk they produce is sufficient. If the mother does not produce enough milk, she should be directed to a donor human milk bank or talk to a lactation consultant. Nevertheless, it is crucial nurses emphasize the importance of reducing formula feeding and implement exclusive
O'Brien, D. (2009). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In R. Mullner (Ed.), Encyclopedia of health services research. (pp. 1017-1021). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: http://dx.doi.org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.4135/9781412971942
...the data did not involve member checking thus reducing its robustness and enable to exclude researcher’s bias. Although a constant comparative method was evident in the discussion which improved the plausibility of the final findings. Themes identified were well corroborated but not declared was anytime a point of theoretical saturation Thus, the published report was found to be particularly strong in the area of believability and dependability; less strong in the area of transferability; and is weak in the area of credibility and confirmability, although, editorial limitations can be a barrier in providing a detailed account (Craig & Smyth, 2007; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).
Baby’s take an average of 38-40 weeks to fully develop and prepare for birth. This time period of approximately nine months is broken down into 3 periods in which the baby spends growing from a tiny mass of cells into a functional, healthy, bouncing baby. If all goes smoothly the birth of a baby, including labor time could take between 4-8 hours, sometimes more, sometimes less. There are many factors that can affect the baby’s growth and development, called teratogens, but overall baby will slowly grow and develop until he or she is prepared to enter into the world.
The prenatal period is considered the period between the conception of a baby until its birth. During this time embryo's and fetus go through major changes to prepare for their life after birth. In the years after they are born, what we call infancy and toddlerhood, while as adults we don't seem to change much in a year or two, children go through many changes that are crucial in developing the patterns of their futures.
Preterm birth is defined as ‘any neonate whose birth occurs before the thirty seventh week of gestation’1 and represents approximately eight percent of all pregnancies1-4. It is eminent that these preterm infants are at risk of physical and neurological delay, with prolonged hospitalisation and an increased risk of long-term morbidity evident in prior literature3, 5-13. Innovative healthcare over the past thirty years has reduced mortality significantly14, with the survival rate of preterm infants having increased from twenty five percent in 1980 to seventy three percent in 200715. Despite, this drop in mortality long-term morbidity continues to remain within these surviving infants sparking a cause for concern15, 16.
The most important indicators of a community’s overall health are maternal, infant and child health. It deals with the health of women of childbearing age from pre-pregnancy, labor, delivery and the postpartum period and the health of the child prior to birth up the adolescence (McKenzie & Pinger, 2015, p.192). The health data that is collected towards maternal, infant and child health are used to see the effectiveness of disease prevention and health promotion services in a community. Prenatal health care is one of the fundamentals of a safe pregnancy. An infant’s health mostly depends on the mother. A child’s during the ages of one to nine are very important to the child’s development and the future (McKenzie & Pinger, 2015, p.217). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends vaccinating children against most vaccine-preventable diseases early in life. One of the community programs for Women, Infants and Children are maternal and child health bureau, which is in charge with the responsibility for promoting and improving the health of our nations mothers and children. Another is woman, infants and children program, which is a clinic-based program designed to provide a variety of nutritional health related goods and services to pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants up to
After the initial assessment of the patient, if the nurse has any concerns regarding the patient’s swallow, it is the nurse’s role to refer that patient to the Speech and Language therapist. On assessment from the Speech and Language therapist they may find that the patient appears to have Dysphagia, which a difficulty or discomfort in swallowing, the Speech and Language therapists may prescribe a Dysphagia diet for such patients. A Dysphagia diet is highly individualised and involves modifications to food textures and fluid viscosity, foods may have to be chopped, minced and fluids may need to be thickened (Coxall et al., 2008). It is important that Dysphagia is addressed as there is a high risk of coughing and choking associated with it. Dysphagia can also lead to Aspiration pneumonia which is a chest infection which can develop from accidentally inhaling something such as food particles, it can cause irritation to the lungs or it can damage them (Nhs.uk, 2016). The Nurse must also liaise with the occupational therapist if required. The occupational therapist focuses of maximizing an individual’s ability to engage in all aspects of daily living. Eating and Drinking been an important activity in everyone’s day to day life, occupational therapy may be needed for this patient to meet their nutritional requirements. Occupational therapy in terms of nutrition may involve coaching the patient’s progress in oral feeding or the transition from tube feeding, designing equipment in the environment to support feeding or designing behavioural modifications to manage behavioural feeding difficulties, educating the patient, families, caregivers, and other health professional in food selection, preparation,