2.3 Power Flow Analysis 2.3.1 Introduction The power flow problem, or load flow problem, is the problem of determining the operating characteristics of a power system in steady-state [19, 36]. A power system usually has plenty of pathways, the power flow analysis technique is expected to compute the power flows over all the pathways and the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus with the help of a certain number of non-linear mathematical equations[10]. Besides the calculation of electrical characteristics of the power system, power flow analysis can also help to optimize the system operating conditions and minimize the power losses [19]. 2.3.2 Node Equations and Admittance Matrix All power system components, such as generators, transmission lines, loads and reactive compensation devices, are connected to the buses, or nodes, which can also be seen as terminals of the system [10]. Assuming the ith node or bus bar of a power system is a connection of three lines, as shown in Figure 2.12. Figure 2.12 Node k as a connection of lines[10] Based on Kirchhoff’s current law it’s easy to obtain the current injection of node k as: (2.50) The complex power injected into node k is presented as: …show more content…
Depending on excitation, a synchronous generator can either generate or consume reactive power within its capacity. Cables generate reactive power due to high shunt capacitance, while overhead lines and transformers are reactive power consumers, which cause most of reactive power losses. Most loads, either by industry consumer or by private consumer, are inductive loads, thus they also absorb reactive power. The reactive power generated by synchronous generators is usually less than the demand of loads. Hence, the generation and requirement need to be equalized by capacitive compensation devices, such as capacitor banks, SVC and STATCOM
On August 14th, 2003, a major blackout swept across portions of the northeastern United States and Canada. It was reported that a series of equipment outages in the Midwest led to uncontrolled cascading outages of power transmission lines and generators serving parts of the Northeast, Midwest and Canada. Automatic protective systems operated to open circuits and shut down power plants to prevent further spread of the outages. This is very similar to what happened in The Great Northeast Blackout of 1965. In both situations, the “grid system” shut down one generator in line at a time to protect a surge from the station before it.
Power-control theory of crime combines Marxist conflict theory, social control theory and feminism and was theorized by Canadian criminologist, John Hagan. A prominent theme throughout the power-control theory is that social power in society is predominantly patriarchal, or male dominated.
The emergence of the Microgrids came after realizing that the architecture of the electricity grid existing nowadays (Figure 1) is getting obsolete, since it is based on the idea of a top-down system, which is predicated on unidirectional energy flows. [ASMUS09]
· B-phase transformer (EMTU-TT01) · Feedback electronic wattmeter · Multi-range moving-iron ammeter · Instrument voltage transformer THEORY AND INTRODUCTION ----------------------- Transformers are used all over the world to step-up and step-down electricity. The transformer is one of the most commonly used electrical devices. The reason the transformer is so popular is because they range in size from 240V to well over 240kV, stepping -up and stepping-down electricity all over the world.
Pipeline Transportation is a massive mode of transportation for over one hundred countries around the world. As of 2014, there is approximately 2,175,000 miles of pipeline, enough to wrap around the Earth 87 times. Of those millions of miles, 64% of the world’s pipeline is in the United States alone. Pipelines are mostly used for the transportation of both crude and refined petroleum, fuels such as oil, natural gas, and biofuels, and other fluids like water and sewage. Even alcohol is sometimes transported using pipelines. Pipelines are used all around us. Miles of them are running continuously below our feet on a daily basis. The creation of pipeline transportation has been an incredibly help to society both directly and indirectly.
The fuel cost component is still the major part of the variable cost of electricity generation, directly reflected in the electricity bills. Economic dispatch aims at allocating the electricity load demand to the committed generating units in the most economic or profitable way, while continuously respecting the physical constraints of the power
The problem with this arrangement is the switching of Power between Local Utility and the Self owns generator. Whenever local utility is off, Generator must be turned on and inversely, for economical operation. it is the requirement that generator must be turned off when utility’s supply is again restored.
For the prevantion of the electricity blackout we need to build smart power grid. A modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers is known as a smart grid. This is used to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity in an automated fashion[12]. The important aspects of smart grid is to electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of
Nonlinear loads are the most common causes of harmonics and neutral currents. Various electrical equipments such as transformers, motors and cables are affected by harmonics. Equipments such as PC’s and printers using switched mode power supply produce neutral currents.
In the previous decennium, enormous attentions were elevated on the subject of distributed generation units, for instance solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbine generators, fuel cells, and so on. These Distributed Generations ...
MODI, N., MUNDY, D. and MOREAU, B. (1997) Substation integration for enhanced reliability. Transmission & Distribution World, 49(9), pp. 28-38.
generated at power plants is carried by power lines to users, sometimes hundreds of miles away.
Electricity is taken for granted in the twenty-first century. Appliances make our life easier and lighting allows our days to extend longer into the night. Electricity is increasingly making its way into, and point to point.
As Americans we want and need things in order to survive or to live life to the fullest. Our society ensures that our needs and wants are met. How do we make sure that we produce what we need and that those goods are distributed fairly? We do this by understanding the Circular Flow Model chart. According to Business Dictinary.com, the Circular Flow Model “is a simple economic model illustrating the flow of goods and services though the economy. In the model, producers are termed as "firms" while consumers are referred to as "households." Firms supply goods and services while households consume these goods and services. Factors of production (land, labor, capital) are supplied by the household to firms and the firms convert
In power stations electricians need to use a variety of device to ensure that they are doing the job correctly. The four essential things an electrician needs to consider is earth wire, double insulation, fuse box and a residual circuit breaker. These four things are essential because they help to increase the health and safety of workers.