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Paperhep.org/postpartum depression
Paperhep.org/postpartum depression
Effects of postpartum depression on mothers
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Manifestation and clinical diagnosis of postpartum depression The common symptoms include mood swings, mild elation, tearfulness, irritability, fatigue, and confusion (Pearlstein 2009). As a clinical diagnosis a study proposes the diagnostic criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (MDE) which verify a constant depression for a period of 2 weeks or anhedonia, also 4 of the following aspects need to happen such as change in appetite, sleep problems, psychomotor agitation or retardation, feelings of being important and useless, low focusing, and considerations of suicide (Fitelson 2011). Screening for depression in the perinatal period which is a way to detect early a depressed mother is important to be detected, so depressed mother can receive …show more content…
This condition is a worldwide concern since it does not only affect the mother but also affect the child development and the family. Screening and interviews should be performed to identify women who are a high risk and therefore they will receive early interventions to prevent postpartum depression. Some studies have showed the relation of postpartum depression with the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Although, they are still being studied about their effect. For dopamine one study examines the decrease of dopamine during postpartum depression which it affect the attachment between the mother and the baby. In the case of serotonin which keeps our mood, so studies shows that the deficit of serotonin may lead to depression. Threfore,exist some studies that use mices to find the differences in level of serotonin between virgin mices versus lactating mices, which they found a differences in levels. Therefore, they suggest that mothers should receive treatment during lactation. Some studies mention that mothers who suffer from postpartum depression are in a high risk to commit suicide. Many mothers do not seek for help because they are not well informed about this condition. After child birth, mothers should be screened for postpartum depression, therefore they will receive an early treatment. Mothers should receive surveys to detect who are a high risk of postpartum depression. Also, many factors affect mothers that may lead to the postpartum depression which include age, socioeconomic status, race, marital status, and previous history of depression. The interventions for high risk women includes psychological and psychosocial, and psychopharmacological. Also, treatments include psychotherapy, antidepressant medications and alternatives options with estradiol. In the case of psychopharmacological there are limited evidences of its
thyroid due to the birth of a child. This depression can be brought on by
A 38-year-old single woman, Gracie, was referred for treatment of depressed mood. She spoke of being stressed out due to conflicts at work, and took a bunch of unknown pills. She reported feeling a little depressed prior to this event following having ovarian surgery and other glandular medical problems. She appeared mildly anxious and agitated. She is frequently tearful, but says she does not have any significant sleep or appetite disturbance. She does, however, endorse occasional suicidal ideation, but no perceptual disturbances and her thoughts are logical and goal-directed.
Knowing the symptoms of postpartum depression is critical for a young mother's discovering that she may have the depress...
From mild to severe knowing of conditions and their specific symptoms is the most straightforward way to diagnose the problem areas. The types of depression cover major, melancholia, psychotic, antenatal and postnatal, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder, dysthymic disorder, and seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Major depression involves low mood and/or loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities (“Types of depression”). Melancholia, a severe form of depression where many of the physical symptoms of depression are present. One of the major changes is that the person starts to move more slowly. They are also more likely to have a depressed mood that is characterised by complete loss of pleasure in everything, or almost everything (“Types of depression”). Psychotic depression, can lose touch with reality and experience psychosis. This can involve hallucinations or delusions such as believing they are bad or evil, or that they 're being watched or followed. They can also be paranoid, feeling as though everyone is against them or that they are the cause of illness or bad events occurring around them (“Types of depression”). Antenatal and postnatal depression affects women during pregnancy and in the year following childbirth. The causes of depression at this time can be complex and are often the result of a combination of factors (“Types of depression”). Bipolar disorder used to be
Markham, J. A., & Koenig, J. I. (2011). Prenatal stress: Role in psychotic and depressive diseases. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 89-106.
The Effects of Education on Postpartum Depression Outcomes: A Literature Review Postpartum depression (PPD) is a period of depression that follows childbirth and lasts more than two weeks. It is experienced by up to 15% of women in the first three postpartum months (Camp, 2013). PPD is well represented by all ages, races, and cultures. The causes of PPD are currently unknown. There are many factors that place patients at a higher risk of developing PPD.
According to the DSM5 major depressive describes a person who is in a depressed mood for most of the day, nearly everyday. The person also has a diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the time. There may be significant weight loss or gain as a result of decrease or increase of appetite, respectively. The person may also experience insomnia or hyper insomnia nearly everyday. There may also be a consistent feeling of fatigue or loss of energy. Usually in major depression, there are feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt. It is also common to have a diminished ability to think, concentrate, or experience indecisiveness. All of these symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (DSM 5, 160-161)
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major event occurring in eight to fifteen percent of the woman population after delivering their child (Glavin, Smith, Sørum & Ellefsen, 2010). The symptoms and causes of PPD are similar to depression symptoms in other periods of life (Glavin et al., 2010). These symptoms may include feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, loss of interest in daily activities, sleep changes, anger or irritability, loss of energy, self-loathing, reckless behavior and concentration problems. These symptoms may lead to other factors that are detrimental to the child bearing and rearing family.
Numerous studies have been conducted that indicate mothers with depression prior to birth and after birth can affect infant development. These include cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional aspects. This paper will be examining two articles with similar methodologies and various responses displayed in the participants. Both articles take on similar approaches; however, one article examines how less-competent mothers with depression, negatively influences child behavior and the latter takes on the approach that maternal depression is a psychological response to economic pressures leading to negative responses to a child (Newland, Crnic, Cox & Mills-Koonce, 2013, p. 96). Wang and Dix (2013) examine the levels of depression and differences of behavior in depressed mothers and how this further influences a child’s development. This article found that children with depressed mothers that are highly competent and are able to do tasks efficiently and successfully may develop just as well as children with non-depressed mothers (Wang and Dix., 2013, p. 893). Alternatively, another article examines a variety of maternal psychological symptoms arising from early economic pressures and later parenting behaviors (Newland et al., 2013, p. 96). Furthermore, Newland et al. (2013) suggests that as a result of lower socioeconomic status, both depression and anxiety play a negative role in parenting behaviors (p. 96). Overall, this study suggests that economic hardships and pressures have an indirect influence on parents’ caregiving.
The birth of a child is said to be a beautiful and one of the most exciting experiences for expecting mothers. The joy of being able to Cherish the sweet precious moments of watching a newborn take their first breath, choosing a name and trying to squeeze them in their first pair of clothes that just so happens to be too small. Every mother has different child birth experiences which makes bringing in a new life so special for many. After giving birth it is very common for mothers to be in an emotional state. There are many different types of emotional disturbances that can have an impact on the mother which can be considered normal or unusual. In some cases that emotional state could turn into something very severe. For many of years, postpartum
Postpartum psychiatric illness was initially characterized as a group of disorders specifically linked to pregnancy and childbirth and thus was considered diagnostically distinct from other types of psychiatric illness. It has long been thought that the postpartum period is a time of increased risk for the onset of psychiatric disorders and adjustment difficulties in women (Campbell & Cohn, 1991). The link between reproductive status and depressive illness is further evidenced by the high frequency of depression during the premenstrual phase, and the immediate postpartum period (Yonkers, 1995). As one of the major physical, psychological, and social stresses of a woman's life, childbirth is gaining an increasing amount of recognition as a major risk factor in the growth of mental sickness. Postpartum depression is defined as a mild to moderate mood disturbance occurring between birth and six months post birth, rather than the less frequent, more severe postpartum psychosis, or the more prevalent but transient blues (Croken...
In 2001, Andrea Yates, a Texas mother, was accused of drowning her five children, (aged seven, five, three, two, and six months) in her bathtub. The idea of a mother drowning all of her children puzzled the nation. Her attorney argued that it was Andrea Yates' untreated postpartum depression, which evolved into postpartum psychosis that caused her horrific actions (1) . He also argued that Andrea Yates suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of her fourth child, and that she attempted suicide twice for this very disorder ((1)). What is postpartum depression, and how can it cause a mother to harm her very own children, altering her behavior towards her children in a negative way? One in ten women experience postpartum depression ((2)), a condition that often goes undiagnosed, and occurs in women after childbirth. A reason for the lack of diagnosis of postpartum depression is a milder, more common form of depression after childbirth, often known as the "baby blues". The baby blues occur in mothers three to five days after childbirth ((2)) , and may last for as little as a couple hours to a couple weeks ((4)). These symptoms include
...se mental health 56 107 throughout gestation and postpartum period. Further researches are needed to evaluate role of activity in promotong mental health.
The recent Andrea Yates murder trial brought a firestorm of controversy as the issue of postpartum depression (PPD) became a debated topic throughout the country. Did Andrea truly suffer from psychosis as she drowned her five children in the bathtub or was such defense a scheme to avoid the death sentence? Prosecutors suggested the spousal-revenge theory as a motive for the killings. Could she have committed murder to get back at a possessive and domineering husband? (1).
Postnatal depression is one of the most common type of depression that effects mother after childbirth. Due to the pervasive of postnatal depression it is become a require for each mother to learn several things about it such as postnatal depression prognosis, diagnosis, and the treatment options which are available to mothers who experiencing postnatal depression.