Postmodernity as the Climax of Modernity: Horizons of the Cultural Future
analytical Essay
3573 words
Postmodernity as the Climax of Modernity: Horizons of the Cultural Future
ABSTRACT: Given that any society is endowed not only with a set of institutions but also with the particular pattern of self-reflection and self-description, postmodernity should be viewed as an epoch representing the climax of modernity and its self-refutation. Parting with traditional society, modernity represents the triumph of power-knowledge, the divorce between spheres of culture, the global social relations, the new institutions, the change in the understanding of space-time relations, the cult of the new, and the modernization process. While preserving the institutional set of modernity, the postmodern period casts into doubt the basic thought foundations of classical modernity. The horizons of the emerging cultural future should be viewed in the light of a positive synthesis of the postmodern reflexive pattern with the legacy of modernity.
The final of the 20-th century became an epoch of the radical reconsideration of the legacy of modernity. Beginning from the fifties, the new postclassical period of development of Western culture and society appeared as a specific reality that was more radically coined by the end of sixties-beginning of seventies when, with the growth of the feeling of a radical break with the past, a pattern of postmodernist cultural reflection obtained its definite popularity. Philosophers and historians of culture are intensively debating the question whether the coming of this period marked the end of modernity or its climax opening the horizons of the completely unknown future . In any event, the change of the pattern of cultural reflection looks very important and deserves special attention for it evidently reveals...
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Baudrillard, Jean. The Illusion of the End. Cambridge: Polity Press,1994. Bernstein, Richard. The New Constellation. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995.
Foucault, Michel. Politics. Philosophy. Culture. New York: Routledge, 1988.
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White, Stephen. Political Theory and Postmodernism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that postmodernity should be viewed as an epoch representing the climax of modernity and its self-refutation.
- Explains that the 20th century was an epoch of the radical reconsideration of modernity's legacy. the pattern of postmodernist cultural reflection reveals the coming of a new period in history.
- Compares the contemporary cultural situation with the classical stage of modernity. the triumph of formal rationality and calculative approach to the universe desacralize the world and leads to a total divorce of the spheres of truth, beauty, and good
- Analyzes how foucault explained the mechanism of the disciplinary society in the new age european history.
- Explains how modernity brought with it the global dimension of social relations, which was the natural outcome of the development of capitalist society.
- Explains that the change in space-time perception could be explained in terms of their liberation from the local context due to the global social relations on the basis of commodity-monetary exchange
- Analyzes how the western civilization organized on the national state basis produced new forms of universalism implanted in the context of other cultures.
- Explains that the culture of modernity was inspired by the spirit of innovation, the permanent desire to create the previously unknown results in all possible areas from science to artistic activity.
- Explains that humanism, rationalism, and substantialist pictures of historical progress crowned by global utopias of the future constituted the basis of self-identity that prevailed in the western civilization of modernity period.
- Analyzes how giddens' interpretation of postmodernism is not an argument in favor of the definition of contemporary epoch as "postmodern."
- Analyzes how g. vattimo's postmodern key emphasizes the signs of its break with the foundations of classical modernity.
- Analyzes how lyotard and giddens are in agreement regarding the importance of the emerging new pattern of reflection, but the french theorist considers it a sufficient ground to speak about the new epoch
- Concludes that postmodernity should be viewed as an epoch representing the climax of modernity and its self-refutation.
- Analyzes how the revival of romantic ironic reflection is a symptom of the general crisis of metaphysical thought.
- Analyzes how the change of time-space perception is in the focus of attention of the theorists of postmodernity.
- Explains that the postmodern ironist is totally possessed by the spirit of aesthetic game with tradition. the ironic oblivion of the rationalist platform goes hand in hand with the attack on all metanarrative theories.
- Opines that postmodernism is a fruit of the western world and that its conceptual basis should be reconsidered in the contemporary west.
- Analyzes how the postmodernist reflection, contrary to its dominant orientation, is stimulating the search for a positive perspective. ironic reflection damages metanarrative constructions and global utopias of the future.
- Argues that postmodernists should be particularly interested in the relations between language and rational structure of thought, sense and emotional human relations to the world.
- Argues that contemporary interpretations of history are based on the idea of the variety of civilizations engaged in an active dialogue in diachronic and synchronic perspectives.
- Argues that postmodernism is a false problem due to the incompatibility of different cultures.
- Opines that postmodernism catalyzes modernization, giving it a qualitative new dimension.
- Explains that baudrillard, jean, the illusion of the end, and bernstein, richard. the new constellation.
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In this essay, the author
- States that postmodernism breaks down the boundaries between disciplines and sub disciplines, creating a new approach encompassing ideas from all areas.
- Analyzes how baudrillard paints a depressing picture of the 'post-modern'; society based upon the production of material goods and the selling of signs and images.
- Analyzes how baudrillard sees post-modern society consisting of an exchange of images that he refers to as'simulacra'.
- Opines that post-modernism is a metanarrative that defies definition. they argue that society is becoming more diverse and tolerant of different groups.
- Opines that post-modernism will continue to redefine itself as time continues. the advantage of this perspective holds for sociologists is to admit that when analysing society it is impossible to apply one all encompassing theory.
- Cites kellner, d. (1990) 'postmodernism: jameson: critique'; cited in ritzer, g.
- Describes cuff, e.c., sharrock, w.w. and francis' perspectives in sociology.
- Explains post-modernism's origins in social theory, including the writings of jean-francois lyotard and jean baudrillard, and the view of marxist david harvey.
- Analyzes how lyotard sees social life being organised around 'language games', which serve to justify people's behaviour in society.
- Analyzes how lyotard links the rise in the importance of knowledge to the use of computers in both society's commercial and social life.
- Compares baudrillard's view of the gulf war as a major conflict between two military powers.
2461 wordsRead More - Modernism And Modernismanalytical essayAlthough we considerably live in a ‘post-modern’ world, many of the technologies and principles involved in designing and engineering them are draw influence from the innovative culture of the modern era. This essay aims to explore the contextual ideas behind the modern movement, how it influenced today’s artists and thinkers, how ‘Modernization, Modernity, Modernism’ shaped the world we live in.
In this essay, the author
- Defines modernism as the post-industrial revolutionary era, where the western world began to see a change in all spheres of living. artists, writers, architects, designers, musicians, denounced pre-taught doctrines and previous ways of producing work.
- Explains that although we live in a 'post-modern' world, many of the technologies and principles involved in designing and engineering them draw influence from the innovative culture of modern era.
- Explains how modernism was prevalent in the newly industrialised world after man conquered the machine. jobs had changed from agricultural based employment to corporate and menial
- Explains that modernization refers to the transformation of respective environments in regards to technological, scientific, medical and cultural breakthroughs. modernism encapsulates the subjective meanings of all the elements in the newly developing world.
- Analyzes how the post-impressionists veered away from traditional methods of painting and placed more of an emphasis on the formal qualities of their composition.
- Explains that expressionism was a bold, new, and unmediated interpretation of the content. matisse pioneered unique use of colour and form, which earned his artworks the label "les fauves".
- Explains that modern formalism had more of an emphasis on the formal features of the subject in an artwork. formal modernism spawned many key art movements in contemporary art.
- Explains that cubism, art deco, futurism, suprematism, wiener werksträtte, and constructivism all drew influence from the initial ideas of modern formalism.
- Explains that aleksandra rodchenko was arguably the most prominent and dynamic member of the constructivist movement. she pioneered a new artistic platform post-russian-revolution.
- Describes aleksandr rodchenko as the most prominent and dynamic member of the constructivist movement. he was a painter turned graphic designer and photographer.
- Analyzes how rodchenko's later work consists of experimentation with photography and capturing different radical angles, leaving the traditional static compositions behind.
929 wordsRead More - Videotape: Don DeLillo’s Illustration of Postmodernismanalytical essayPostmodernism is a vague term that can describe a variety of disciplines that include, architecture, art, music, film, fashion, literature…etc. (Klages). In the case of “Videotape”, postmodern literature would be the main focus or area of study. This type of literature emerged in the era that succeeded World War II and relies heavily on the use of techniques such as, fragmentation, the creation of paradoxes, and questionable protagonists. Furthermore, postmodern literature also exudes ambiguity and critical thinking where the focus is mainly on the reader and his/her experience of the work rather than the content and form. Building upon that, the selected passag...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the repeated use of the word "you" can be attributed to the main theme of delillo's story, which revolves around the impact of technology on human thought.
- Concludes that delillo's "videotape" is a work of postmodernism. he keeps the protagonist ambiguous and open to the perception of the reader.
- Analyzes how delillo's use of the word "pity" in the fifteenth sentence conveys that the death was not satisfying enough and lacking much detail.
- Analyzes how delillo challenges the traditional conventions of fiction in a way that the situation in the story is not more important than his subjective voice.
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1087 wordsRead More - Postmodernism Vs Post Modernism Essayanalytical essayPostmodernism movement which began in the 1950’s and still prevails today, is the successor of Modernism. Postmodernism, in contrast to Modernism, seeks to challenge authority as a whole, refutes any belief in absolute truths, regards hierarchal power as distrustful and seeks to establish an approach in
In this essay, the author
- Defines modernism and postmodernism by looking at how worldviews today play a large part of our perspectives towards society, culture, and religion.
- Opines that postmodernism is the successor to modernists. it seeks to challenge authority as a whole, refutes absolute truths, regards hierarchal power as distrustful, and diversifies sources of authority.
- Analyzes how modernism shuns theological and scriptural teaching. the scriptures were written and given to mankind as a delineation of how we are to live and function in faith and trust.
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In this essay, the author
- Describes the postmodernism movement as a rejection of the sovereign autonomous individual with an emphasis upon anarchic collective anonymous experience.
- Analyzes how george saunders' "the 400 pound ceo" relates to postmodernism because the main character was bullied, ostracized, and verbally abused because of his weight by his workers who are average
- Analyzes how jeffrey's father is dead, his life was brought to an end too soon, most likely from being overweight, and he was left alone with no surviving family members.
- Analyzes how tim is jeffrey's oppressor and tormented at the work aided by his employees. he cracks jokes about his weight and love life in the office.
- Analyzes how jeffrey aids in the bullying because he gave up trying to change his surroundings and the way his co-workers treated him.
- Analyzes how jeffrey was bullied even though he was incarcerated for the death of tim in the penitentiary institution. claude used his observation skills against jeffrey to maintain his authority
598 wordsRead More - Modernism And Stereoscopesanalytical essayModernism indicates a branch of movements in art (Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism; Cubism; Expressionism; Dada, Surrealism, Pop Art. Etc.) with distinct characteristics, it firmly rejects its classical precedent and classical style, what Walter Benjamin would refer to as “destructive liquidation of the traditional value of the cultural heritage”; and it explores the etiology of a present historical situation and of its attendant forms of self-consciousness in the West. Whereas Modernity is often used as ...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that stereoscopes are a product of modernity, and argues that it enables realism in the cinematic image.
- Explains that modernism is a branch of art movements that rejects its classical precedent and classical style. modernity is often used as an overarching term to denote the idea that the present is discontinuous with the past.
- Explains the origins of the stereoscope are intertwined with research in the 1820s and 1830s on subjective vision. charles wheatstone and sir david brewster are closely associated with this invention.
- Explains the grand principle of the stereoscope: it creates a depth of field enabling armchair tourists to experience the "you are there" experience.
- Analyzes how stereoscopes define a major mode of experiencing photographically produced images and contributed to the means of mass communication.
- Argues that the stereoscope was an embodied foreshadow to cinematic techniques.
- Argues that stereoscopic images have echoes of dematerialized computer-generated imagery in otherwise i believe the device was very avant garde and the commencement of 3d cinematography.
- Argues stereoscope is a modern invention because it's sole purpose is to represent the solidity of natural objects rather than contributing to modernism. modernist narrative draws attention to its form and structure in order to rupture the plenitude of classical spectatorship.
- Analyzes why crary's discussion of the camera obscura is concentrated on the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, even though it continued to be a source of popular entertainment in victorian society alongside the stereoscope and thaumatrope.
- Analyzes how crary provides a key delineation of subjective vision in goethe's observations — the visible escapes from the timeless incorporeal order of the camera obscura and becomes lodged in another apparatus.
1102 wordsRead More - The Scapegoating of Homosexuals as Threats to Societyanalytical essay[45] Linda Nicholson and Steven Seidman, ed. Social Postmodernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 118.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the bill is a thinly veiled attempt to score political debating points by scapegoating gay and lesbian americans. to reverse this discrimination, we must make room for the chaotic queer monster.
- Argues that we live in a culture with little tolerance for deviation from what is considered the "norm." from this narrow conception of america, we gain solidarity and security.
- Argues that homosexuals are denied access to institutions central to american life and character, namely, the legal family unit and the boy scouts.
- Argues that the creation of queer monsters is grounded in the depiction of homosexuals as monster
- Explains that homosexuals can be correlated with freud's concept of the unheimlich, which describes the “unhomely” outside which threatens one’s sense of security.
- Explains martin kantor's discussion of homophobia and the dynamics of gay bashing reinforces the notion that we view homosexuals as chaotic threats to society.
- Analyzes how homophobia is grounded in the delusion that world decay can be the result of the sexual choices of a minority.
- Analyzes how homosexuals are depicted as monsters by those that persecute them. they are often portrayed as having an excess of libido, over-sexed and promiscuous.
- Analyzes how queer monsters serve as ideal scapegoats for the actual and potential disruption of the social order we strive so hard to maintain in america.
- Explains that homosexuals are vulnerable to persecution because they are members of a poorly integrated minority and marginal outsiders that reside on the edges of the social sphere.
- Analyzes how gays and lesbians subvert clear distinctions by blurring the line between what is traditionally considered male and female. they challenge our belief in the existence of real, deep, and necessary differences between the sexes.
- Explains that homosexuals erase clearly established lines of sexual differentiation. gays and lesbians violate this cultural distinction between improper and proper sexual relations.
- Analyzes how homophobes accuse gays and lesbians of blurring the lines between human and animal. this dehumanizes queers and makes them seem monstrous and threatening to social order.
- Argues that homosexuals are inescapable figures of chaos and ambiguity. they challenge our ideals of total order and clear differentiation and are perceived as threatening and polluting forces.
- Argues that by monstracizing and scapegoating gays and lesbians, we create a basis for their exclusion.
- Explains that the united states supreme court ruled the boy scouts can discriminate against, and therefore exclude, gay scoutmasters. this decision ended a ten-year challenge to the institution's anti-gay policy.
- Argues that the ban is motivated by the perception of gay men as threatening to the moral order that the boy scouts are designed to facilitate.
- Opines that the exclusion of gays from the boy scouts was influenced to some degree by the notion that homosexuals are monstrously sexual and predatory in nature.
- Analyzes how homosexuals have been scapegoated as polluting and dangerous threats to the moral purity of the boy scouts of america. they are being held responsible for the potential decay of an institution.
- Argues that gays and lesbians are targeted as scapegoats for a crisis in marriage. the alliance for marriage claims that the bulk of government spending on social welfare is in response to the break-down of traditional marriage
- Opines that homosexuals are trying to undermine our nation's basic unit of stability by banning same-sex marriage.
- Argues that the sanctioning of same-sex marriage would be an arrogant move that would bring great harm to our culture.
- Argues that marriage is not a human construct but an institution that was established by god and therefore isn't to be meddled with.
- Opines that opponents to same-sex marriage believe that marriage is a divinely willed institution, but they all argue that it must be protected in its heterosexual manifestation.
- Explains the push for government legislation that would explicitly limit the definition of marriage to its traditional, exclusive meaning. this is in response to efforts by the commonwealth of massachusetts and the city of san francisco to broaden the institution to include homosexuals.
- States that marriage in the united states shall consist only of a man and woman. this constitution or any state, nor state or federal law, shall be construed to require that marital status or the legal incidents thereof be conferred upon unmarried couples or groups.
- Explains that the alliance for marriage asserts that homosexuals do not have the right to redefine marriage for the whole of society.
- Explains that matt foreman, the executive director of the national gay and lesbian task force, called this legislation a declaration of war on gay america.
- Argues that marriage is a public virtue in that it responsibly regulates human sexuality, brings the two parts of humanity together, and delivers mothers and fathers to children.
- Explains that the legal issue of gay and lesbian adoption is closely tied to the larger debate regarding same-sex marriage. florida is the only state that forbids even this.
- Analyzes the arguments against adoption by gays and lesbians based on the belief that every child should be in a home anchored by both father and mother.
- States that there is no research or study that supports the claim that gay and lesbian children are disadvantaged in any respect. the real perceived threat is to the historical norm, the model of ideal family order established by our predecessors.
- Argues that opponents to gay and lesbian adoption are influenced by the monstrous image we assign to homosexuals; our exclusive policies are perpetuated by negative stereotypes.
- Explains that gay and lesbian couples raise adopted children and participate in family life, but the law does not recognize the relationship of the second parent to the child.
- Opines that reversing discrimination and creating a politics of inclusion is demanding, since it requires us to step out of our comfort zone and replace our ideal of an absolutely ordered society.
- Argues that in order to create a place for the monster, we need to shift away from the perception of the chaotic homosexual as threatening.
- Explains that queer theorists see queers in necessary opposition to the norms of both the heterosexual and homosexual mainstream. they seek to expose and disturb our normalizing identity politics.
- Explains that the subversive presence of queers forces us to acknowledge the inherently unrealistic nature of a totally ordered society.
- Argues that queers urge us to shatter our illusion of a strictly differentiated and ordered society and embrace the traces of chaos within the institutions that have thus far been limited to heterosexuals.
- Argues that if gays and lesbians were included in the institution of family, they would add to the chaos and fluidity that exist there already.
- Argues that we need to reevaluate our definitions of institutions such as the family to include elements of chaos both new and existing.
- Opines that in revealing and introducing elements of chaos, we must be careful not to head down a road that leads to the destruction of our societal institutions.
- Argues that the inclusion of homosexuals in the institution of marriage does nothing to threaten its preservation as an intimate human relationship between two, and only two adults.
- Concludes that even if we exclude gays and lesbians from american society, we will not be rid of these queer monsters.
- Explains that debate grows over the ban on adoption by gays. beal, timothy, reinventing the family.
- Cites the federal marriage amendment and byrne's book, "gay men lose fight in adoption ban".
- States kantor, martin, nicholson, linda, and steven seidman, eds. social postmodernism. cambridge: cambridge university press, 1995.
- Opines that the gay marriage debate is a spiritual health issue. the salt lake tribune reports that lesbian couple challenging gay adoption ban in utah.
- Cites timothy beal, martin kantor, and byrne fone.
- Cites beal, kantor, fone, rene girard, jane gross, "scouting debate leaves children caught in middle" and "mission statement."
- Analyzes sara rimer's "boy scouts under fire; ban on gays is at issue," the new york times on the web 3 july 2003, 26 february 2004.
- Describes the terms "spiritual health", "federal marriage amendment", and "gay men lose fight on adoption ban."
- Cites rebecca walsh, bruce alpert, linda nicholson, and steven seidman in social postmodernism.
5595 wordsRead More - A CHRISTIAN WORLDVIEW IN A POSTMODERN CULTUREanalytical essayI would like to explore one of the questions posed to us by Professor which is “How can we make the positive aspects of postmodernism work in our favor?” Or even more specifically, the positive and neutral elements of postmodernism, work in the favor of the Christian worldview and thought. We will start by first exploring the basic tenants of postmodernism and a brief history of where it has been and where it is currently, revealing multiple advantages for the Christian worldview in the engagement of a postmodern.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that postmodernism champions the cause of the "oppressed", a medley of interest groups, communities, and identities. the church cannot ignore or dilute its significance in our culture.
- Argues that postmodernism offers many potential advantages for the christian worldview to engage. the enlightenment certainly shaped our communication of the good news and message of jesus.
- Explains the importance of story in post-modern thought, stating that christians are in the middle of the most incredible story ever told, the story of god.
- Opines that globalism is on the rise and that it is healthy for the church.
- Analyzes the rise of religious pluralism in the post-modern world, stating that it is important for christians to lay aside their doctrinal beliefs in order to find common ground in other beliefs.
- Opines that the church has the responsibility to look deeply in the claims and concerns of a postmodern culture and to protect the integrity of the bible.
- Analyzes how the postmodern doesn't have innocent, unselfconscious, and therefore self-confident faith or ethics. peter, in the last chapter of john's gospel, evinces something like this ironic attitude.
- Cites bolger, ryan, and gibbs, eddie. emerging churches: creating christian community in postmodern cultures.
- Explains that postmodernism is a philosophy which declares there is no absolute truth or objective truth in many areas.
- Opines that christians must battle the american lens of the gospel and recapture the reality of christianity untainted by our cultural lens.
- Argues that postmodernism has a clear emphasis on valuing community, and the christian faith is the community of faith.
- Cites lee, r.m. modernization, postmodernism and the third world, and lyon, david. jesus in disneyland: religion in postmodern times.
2203 wordsRead More - The Use of Traditional Styles in Contemporary Architectureexplanatory essayBertens, J. W., and Bertens, H. 1995. The idea of the post-modern: a history. London, Routledge.
In this essay, the author
- Describes how modernism and post-modernist influences have impacted contemporary architects' inspiration. how are they using "traditional" styles and materials?
- Explains that avant garde was a matter of being ahead in design concepts, but also in the materials that you use. modernist designers were always looking to enhance their ideals with new materials. contemporary architects continue on with the post-modern legacy of taking inspiration from history.
- Explains how robert venturi, a prominent figure of the design movement, changed the idea of "less is more" to "more is bore".
- Explains that post-modernism is like a pond, as it rejects the rules and references different styles and techniques of history, allowing architectures to cite the past.
- Explains that traditional architecture has evolved from a process of selectively borrowing from various styles and influences into an individualistic style that has been developed with age.
- Explains that contemporary churches are an ideal place to try and understand the juxtaposition of traditional ideas and contemporary theories.
- Describes rudolf reitermann and peter sassenroth's chapel of reconciliation, the first clay public building built in germany in over 150 years.
- Explains shigeru ban's obsession with sustainability and the japanese tradition led him to embrace and further the knowledge of using paper as a form of construction.
- Opines that contemporary architects will continue using traditional build methods and materials.
- Explains that asquith, vellinga, and bertens, h. 2005. the idea of the post-modern: a history.
- Cites gossel, p., and leuthauser, g. 2001. architecture in the twentieth century. taschen.meijenfeldt, e.
1649 wordsRead More - Postmodernism's Effect on Marriage and Familyexplanatory essayPostmodernism first appeared around the 1980’s, following a hectic and messy period of time. The postmodernist theory that defines a new era describing the world as society is fragmenting, while authority is de-centering, and real truth does not exist; there are only representations of it. Believers of the postmodernist theory, believe that postmodernism is a mixture of present, past, and future, more specifically, the cultural and spatial elements of these different times (Lemert, 2010). The postmodern age is considered the information age, or even, the technological age. Both of these are evident through the changes that have occurred within the typical marriage and family. One of the main emphases of postmodernism is that no real truth exists, demonstrating the grand narrative. The grand narrative states that the “truth” is invented for the sole purpose of selling things. This is clearly shown, in a different manner, in marriages and families in today’s society. No real truth being in existence creates change in the typical marriage and family.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that postmodernism is a mixture of present, past, and future, which is evident through the changes that have occurred within the typical marriage and family.
- Explains how postmodernism has changed the way marriage and family life in the united states.
- Analyzes how the motives of marriage have changed over the past few decades. women are more involved in the work force and education aspect of society.
- Explains that the united states has the highest divorce rate of all industrialized nations. the idea behind marriage is love, happiness, and eternity.
- Explains that interracial marriages have increased over the past few decades, while there were laws that previously prevented it.
- Explains that 36 of the 50 states currently ban same-sex marriage, which means 72 percent of states do not accept gay marriage. the development and changing of traditional views of marriage during the postmodernism transition has paved way for different ways marriage occurs.
- Explains that postmodern times are technologically more advanced than the modern times. technology has greatly changed the way marriages and relationships develop.
- Explains that the boom in facebook and other social media sights has created a new form of parenting. children rely on the internet in today’s age, as compared to previous times.
- Explains that postmodernism has changed the ideas regarding premarital cohabitation. the main argument for cohabitating with a partner before marriage is that the couple will get to know each other better.
- Explains that postmodernist time's changes to the typical family and marriage are constantly changing.
- Explains that marriage and family have changed dramatically over the past few decades. the postmodern era has just arrived, changing more "old school" traditions into a new wave.
- Opines that more babies out of marriage than ever before - and what?
- Cites castelloe, m. (2011, april 27). changes in the american family. psychology today.
- Cites gotay, d., "the value of marriage: then and now". the scribe. retrieved november 19, 2013.
- Reports that more women moving in before marriage. cnn living. retrieved november 19, 2013.
- Explains that interracial marriage statistics: pew report finds mixed-race marriage rates rising. the huffington post.
- Cites hayes, weston, qu, l., & gray, m. (n.d.). families then and now:1980-2010. australian government.
- Explains lemert, c.c., social theory: the multicultural and classic readings.
- Cites park, j. (n.d.). marriage: then and now | hitched.
- Cites stark, c., & roberts, a. "btn same-sex marriage". cnn.
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