Literature Review
Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) or what is commonly referred to as postexercise muscle soreness, is the sensation of muscular discomfort and pain (Lieber & Friden, 2002) that is caused by vigorous and unaccustomed resistance training or any form of muscular exertion (Kisner & Colby, 2012).Other symptoms that are commonly seen are loss of strength and range of motion (ROM) (Valle et.at. 2013). These DOMS symptoms usually start to be felt around 12-24 hours after exercise and usually last a couple of days but have been known to last 10-14 days. There has been a lot of research done on various aspects of DOMS, from what causes it, how to prevent it, and how to treat it once it has occurred in an athlete. But unfortunately, very little is known about DOMS. Throughout this section, many aspects of DOMS will be reviewed. First, there will be an introduction of the etiology of DOMS and the many theories about why and how it occurs. Second, meauses that are taken in order to prevent DOMS will be discussed. Lastly, there have been many different approaches to treating an athlete with DOMS, with most of the actual benefits of these treatments being inconclusice at best, if not in some cases detrimental.
Possible Causes of DOMS
Muscle Spasm Theory
One theory that was thought to be the cause of DOMS in the 1960’s was the muscle spasm theory. This theory suggested that a feedback cycle of pain caused by ischemia and a buildup of metabolic waste products during exercise led to muscle spasm (Kisner & Colby, 2012). It was hypothesized that the buildup of these metabolic wastes caused the DOMS symptoms and an ongoing reflex pain-spasm cycle that could last for many days after (Vries, 1966). This theory has since been dispr...
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...d to myofibril damage in human muscles with DOMS: an ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic study. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 121(3), 219-227.
Ayles, S., Graven-Nielsen, T., & Gibson, W. (2011). Vibration-Induced Afferent Activity Augments Delayed Onset Muscle Allodynia. The Journal of Pain, 12(8), 884-891.
Vries, H. A. (1966). Quantitative Electromyographic Investigation Of The Spasm Theory Of Muscle Pain. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 45(3).
Abraham, W. M. (1977). Factors in delayed muscle soreness. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 9(1), 11???20.
Jakeman, J. R., Byrne, C., & Eston, R. G. (2010). Efficacy of Lower Limb Compression and Combined Treatment of Manual Massage and Lower Limb Compression on Symptoms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(11), 3157-3165.
The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
While DOMS does have a negative effect on strength performance, the factors that are associated with DOMS are also potentially important in stimulating muscle hypertrophy. Researchers believe thought that DOMS most likely reflects the body’s response to maximize the training response. Due to the wear and tear on the muscle fibers during exercise, muscle damage happens to be the causing factor for muscle hypertrophy. After exercise, the damage and repair process involves calcium, lysosomes, connective tissue, free radicals, energy sources, and the inflammatory response. Healing process steps that go along with DOMS are important steps in muscle hypertrophy (Kenney et al.,
...g the subjects feel as if they were at their lowest game. Also, the amount of time required to wait before the pre-workout was to kick in could have varied among the subjects. Some subject’s body’s may have absorbed the pre-workout quicker, allowing them to perform much better during the exercises that were done.
This report will explore the structure and function of skeletal muscle within the human body. There are three muscle classifications: smooth (looks smooth), cardiac (looks striated) and skeletal (looks striated). Smooth muscle is found within blood vessels, the gut and the intestines; it assists the movement of substances by contracting and relaxing, this is an involuntary effort. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts rhythmically nonstop for the entire duration of a person’s life and again is an involuntary movement of the body. The main focus of this report is on skeletal muscle and the movement produced which is inflicted by conscious thought unless there is a potentially harmful stimulus and then reaction is due to reflex, as the body naturally wants to protect itself. Skeletal muscle is found attached to bones and when they contract and relax they produce movement, there is a specific process that the muscle fibers go through to allow this to occur.
Controlled increases in physical stress through progressive resistive exercise cause muscle fibers to hypertrophy and become capable of generating greater force.3 Early emphasis is on restoring joint range of motion and muscle flexibility, however, resistive exercises are not delayed. The initial emphasis of muscle loading should be on endurance, accomplished with lower loads and higher repetitions. Progressive resistive exercises are initiated at the available range and progressed to new positions as wrist range of motion returns in all planes. Both the overload principle and the SAID Principle (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands) are important considerations in therapeutic exercise dosing.1,3,11 Within pain tolerance, dosing progressive resistive exercises that maintain a therapeutic stress level will encourage muscle tissue hypertrophy. Finding activities that produce the correct force and repetition, without injury, is the goal of the remobilization period. Starting with low force, moderate to high repetitions, and encouraging therapeutic rest following induced stress is important to both the overload principle and the SAID Principle. Additionally, it is important to prevent dosing resistive exercises that exceed optimal stress, which may result in injury. The patient’s response to therapeutic exercise should be assessed during, immediately following,
Muscle fatigue is a decline in ability of a muscle to generate force within any part of the body. Muscular fatigue is a particular response when it comes to an untrained athlete that is starting an intense workout program, and the muscles of the body is not able to respond in an orderly manner as it would respond to an elite athlete. This paper will focus and provide general information about recent studies on peripheral fatigue. Peripheral fatigue is one of the sites for possible fatigue and its where neural, mechanical, or energetic events can hamper tension development. Neural fatigue is a factor of peripheral fatigue, which occurs when the nerves are unable to generate a signal and this reduces the ability of the muscle fiber to contract which is considered to be metabolic fatigue. Neural factors deals with the movement of action potential going through a process to produce a muscle contraction and when this process does not go through the proper steps then fatigue set in because the muscles will not be able to contract. Neural fatigue has two main factors which is, a shortage of...
Mild muscle pain can be a common side effect of physical means, such as intense workouts, over usage of muscle, and/or blocked blood vessels, or by chemical means, such as toxins, heat or drugs. Oftentimes, people who experience muscle aches can easily pinpoint the cause due to their knowledge of the stress, tension, or physical activity they have endured. Rhabdomyolysis, or dissolution of skeletal muscle, is a syndrome caused by injury to skeletal muscle and involves the leakage of large quantities of potentially toxic intracellular contents into plasma (Muscal, 2013). In contrast to mild muscle pain, Rhabdomyolysis, commonly known as ‘Rhabdo’, may result in life-threatening renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) while also being multifactorial in adult patients (Muscal, 2013). Approximately 28-37% of all Rhabdomyolysis cases in the United States require short term hemodyalysis (Melli G, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes, signs and symptoms, nursing considerations and workout trends that are being blamed for inducing ‘Rhabdo’ in athletes.
Placzek, J., & Boyce, D. (2001). Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Secrets. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, Inc.
Reduces tight and sore muscles – After you exercise, you usually feel the pain and soreness of your muscles the next day.
These days muscle pain and spasms have become the most common complaint of many working men and women. To avoid this pain most of them rely upon spa’s to lessen their pain. One of the main techniques used in the spa’s to reduce muscle pain is heat therapy. This nonpharmacological technique helps in reducing the muscle pain as it vasodilates the muscle causing the blood flow to increase at the site of inflammation or injury (Mohammadpour et al. 2014). Due to an increase in the blood supply, the oxygen levels also rise which reduces the amount of inflammatory facilitators and triggers heat shock proteins. With the latest rehabilitation benefits, heat therapy is being used for curing many problems because of its positive feedback.
Stoppani, J., P.H.D., & Wuebben, J. (2011, 01). Burn notice. Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness, 72,
Fahey, Thomas D., EdD. Specialist in Sports Conditioning Workbook and Study Guide. California: International Sports Sciences Association, 2007. Print
Dunn, George et al. National Strength and Conditioning Association. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal. 7. 27-29. 1985.
In order to fully understand the impact and effect of overtraining, defining and establishing the difference of what overtraining is from other conditions, such as overreaching, is necessary. Overtraining is defined as the accumulation of both training and non-training stresses producing a long-term effect on the athlete’s performance capacity, with or without physical and psychological overtraining signs and symptoms in which recovery of the performance capacity will take weeks to months (Halson, 2004 p. 969). Overreaching, however, is defined by the accumulation of training and non-training stresses with a short-term effect on the a...
in soft tissue mobilization pressure.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. April 1999: 531-5.