The roots of Australian laws are similar to traditional Aboriginal laws, dating back to before the Norman Conquest in 1066, where each separate village had their own laws developed to their own customs. This changed however, after a centralized legal system was established after 1066. A common law was formed, that applied to all of England. This was later combined with equity law and mercantile law, which is the basis of Australian law today, known as ‘statute law’.
The National Apology of 2008 is the latest addition to the key aspects of Australia’s reconciliation towards the Indigenous owners of our land. A part of this movement towards reconciliation is the recognition of Indigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders rights to their land. Upon arrival in Australia, Australia was deemed by the British as terra nullius, land belonging to no one. This subsequently meant that Indigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders were never recognised as the traditional owners. Eddie Mabo has made a highly significant contribution to the rights and freedoms of Indigenous Australians as he was the forefather of a long-lasting court case in 1982 fighting for the land rights of the Torres Strait Islanders. Eddie Mabo’s introduction of the Native Title Act has provided Indigenous Australians with the opportunity to state claim to their land, legally recognising the Indigenous and the Torres Strait Islanders as the traditional owners.
The nature of law in Australian society is both complex and dynamic. The case of McBain v Victoria and the historical analysis of the legal response to Indigenous Australians in the 200 years following British colonization informs an understanding of the nature of law in Australian society, while also revealing characteristics of Australia’s constitutional framework.
The High Court did, however, conclude in that case (a conclusion confirmed in WA v Commonwealth, Wororra Peoples v WA and Teddy Biljabu and others v WA, High Court, March 16 1995) that some Aboriginal land law (that which attracted the status of 'native title') survived the colonisation process. What is far less certain is the fate of Aboriginal customary laws that were not concerned with title to land. Did traditional laws on subjects such as family relationships, title to goods, community justice mechanisms, inheritance and criminal law survive c...
...d for you to sign and the land will be yours... no-one will bother you on your land” (pg.105). This incident leads to a long chain of corrupt acts. All community members signed, rather, finger printed the document and we’re assured “they could rely on this paper as it is the title to the land” (pg. 105). Two years passed and they returned with the document in hand, claiming the land was no longer theirs to live off of. The signed document was in truth an agreement to live on the land for a mere two years and a promise to uproot once the two years expired. In conjunction with the Labour Unions, Rigoberta’s father fights this upheaval, however the landowners bribe the judges lawyers and interpretors involved in the crooked legal battles, twisting the communities stance says the landowners offered a great deal of money to the judge through -machines/market/lawyers
Land rights now referred to the continual legal exertion to reclaim ownership of the land and waters that was called home prior to British colonisation (Creative Spirits, 2011). Australian Museum (2015) and Creative Spirits (2011) acknowledge the struggle to gain legal recognition and ownership of Indigenous land is difficult and expensive. Furthermore, the history behind the struggle in earlier years often resulted in violence as Indigenous Australians were dispossessed of their land (Australian Museum, 2015). Subsequently, the struggle for land rights continued through the legal and political systems; as demonstrated in 1982 when Eddie (Koiki) Mabo and four other Meriam people decided to pursue declaration of their customary land rights in the High Court of Australia (Hill, 1995). Based on the findings of Creative Spirits (2011) Indigenous Australian land rights appeared promising in 1983 when the Hawke Government promised legislation to ensure that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s land rights are protected throughout Australia. The legislation was said to permit Indigenous Australians to exercise the right of control over mining on Indigenous Australian land to ensure sacred sites are protected (Creative Spirits, 2011). However, in 1984 the mining companies fought back to repossess control over land. Mining and pastoral industries were considered too powerful and
Australia’s Indigenous people are thought to have reached the continent between 60 000 and 80 000 years ago. Over the thousands of years since then, a complex customary legal system have developed, strongly linked to the notion of kinship and based on oral tradition. The indigenous people were not seen as have a political culture or system for law. They were denied the access to basic human right e.g., the right to land ownership. Their cultural values of indigenous people became lost. They lost their traditional lifestyle and became disconnected socially. This means that they were unable to pass down their heritage and also were disconnected from the new occupants of the land.
There are four sources of Law in the Australian Legal System. They are Statute Law, which is made in Parliament, Common Law and the Law of E...
To ensure that a person can successfully claim title to a property against the actual owner, and at the same time extinguish their title the person taking possession of the property must gain uninterrupted possession of a property for 12 years or longer in New South Wales.
While no system is completely perfect the ALS is designed with the aim to provide fairness and justice. To this extent, it can be said that the ALS is based on fairness and justice. In contrast it could also be argued that the very adoptions of the ALS means it cannot be based on fairness and justice. The ALS was inherited from England, on invasion, under the doctrine of terra nullius, decreeing that Australia was ‘uncultivated land, desert or land belonging to no one’ (Miles and Dowler, 2011 pp 8-18). This gave no fair or just rights to the occupying, Aboriginal custodians of the land and their laws. It was not until the high court case of Mabo v Queensland (1992) 175 CLR 1, that the concept of terra nullius was rejected and, in an attempt to restore fairness and justice, that partial recognition of Aboriginal land rights were given. (Miles and Dowler, 2011 pp 17-18). Despite its unfair and unjust reception, looking to the ALS’s structure and operations reveals that in effect, for the most part the ALS is based on fairness and justice.
Mark’s girlfriend Zoe has an Express Trust, signed by Mark at the time that he acquired the property, stating the interest that Zoe hold in the property (LPA 1925, s.53 (1)(b)). If the declaration specifies the parties’ respective beneficial shares, it will be conclusive as to the practical enforceability of the trust (case of Goodman v Gallant [1986]). Otherwise, the division of the property will be decided following the rules of the resulting and constructive trusts. Zoe could have protected her interest by an entry of a restriction in the proprietorship register to which it relates (Section 40 & 43 LRA 2002), and so, preventing Mark from selling the property without appointing a second
Firstly we have to advise Alexander on his situation with Kate who is Richards’s wife; so establish whether she has any family rights in the property and also whether she was in actual occupation of the property. Para 2 Sch 3 replaced S.70 (1) (g) of the Land Registration Act 1925 and under this it states to enjoy an overriding status there must be an interest in land, the interest must not be overreached and there must be actual occupation. First Kate has an interest in the land but it isn’t a proprietary interest as seen in National Provincial Bank v Ainsworth (1965) as it was held that Mrs Ainsworth right to remain in the house was a personal right against her husband which isn’t substantial to allow her the right to stay in the house. This is similar to Kate as it could be argued that it is onl...
The idea of registering title to land was so that land would be guaranteed by the state and also for it to be relied on as proof of ownership1. This registration of titles would enable a safe, simple and economic system of transferring land between two parties thus, cutting the costs of conveyancing and preventing the chances of fraud from occurring. This system is contained in the Land Registration Acts and supplemented by the Land Registration Rules. A national system of land registration was first attempted under the Land Registration Act 1862. As this voluntary system proved ineffective as well as other further attempts in 1875 & 1897, Land Registration Act (LRA) 19252 was brought into force. The underlying objective of the LRA 1925 was to simplify conveyancing by replacing the older haphazard system of unregistered conveyancing with a system of land registration3. Although the system served well for over seventy years, it was unable to meet the requirements of a modern technological age. The Land Registration Act (LRA) 20024 was then brought into force and repealed the LRA 1925 in its entirety but still applying the fundamental principles.
The general focus of this paper is to examine this notorious ‘possession’ adage, particularly in relation to the title or ownership of choses in possession, that is, tangible items of property. More specifically, this paper will define and analyse the true meaning of the phrase ‘possession is nine-tenths of the law’ and how it currently fits into current property law. Furthermore, this essay will examine the different categories of possession leading on to the common law of ‘finder’s keepers’ discussing competing claims of ownership and superior possessory right to choses in possession. Finally, this paper will look at the policy justifications that underscore the decisions of the law of ‘finder’s keeper’s’.