Positive And Negative Impacts Of Global Urbanization

I. Introduction

Urbanization is a new global trend nowadays. Since 2007, more than half of the world population live in urban centres while there only 30% of the world’s population was urbanized not earlier than 60 yeas ago. Recent research has also shown that the entire planet is going to be about 80% urban by around 2050, and millions people will move to cities mainly in south Asia and Africa [1]. Under this circumstance, both positive and negative reviews come along with such a significant increase in global urbanization. On the good side, cites supply solution such as creativity, power and wealth. However, people also critique that cities have also been the source of much pollution and disease. As a result, an appropriate and effective

It is self dependent which means it does not rely on the external organisms to survive. Unlike cells, virus has to kill and destroy its hosts to grow. When the virus hits a cell, it stops the cell from growing and wipes out all kind of life. The same thing happens to a city when a city is hit by static rules. Static rules completely restrict all kind of growth, development, economic boost and progress, asphyxiating the city. Negative externalities has virtually annihilated the whole city. In order to stop infecting the cities with static rules, we handle it with the “antibiotics” – viewing cities dynamically. Each neighbourhood operates as an individual organism but integrates in a big coherent organism. The process of natural selection will ensure the survival of the neighbourhood as a small organism. A city will gradually emerge from a small areas

This is called the “economies of scales”[6]. In tune with biological organisms, cities will first follow the growth mode of “economies of scales”. However, later due to the limitation of resource and carrying capacities, the cities will require more energy to fulfil its higher consumptions. Thus, this will lead to the diminishing return. This is how cities can be different to biological organisms. This also inspires that a city who wants to sustain its growth which requires high stable productivity will have to reinvent the conditions and resources.

IV. Conclusion

All in all, the two concepts of viewing cities as an extended phenotype and as an organism are normative theory of city forms. They encourage to manage cities dynamically. According to Charles Darwin, “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change”. This contains an important principle that also can be applied to cities. This principle needs to be put into action by city planners as soon as possible in order to level up the living city. The urban management should be ultimately related to the natur

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Besides, we should treat the two concepts dialectically. The extended