Introduction
In this essay, I will focus on intelligence, a specific part of security studies. Before discussing this topic it is absolutely necessary to clarify what this term actually means. In a broader conception, intelligence is a subset of information which is requested of policy makers. These information have to be collected, processed and narrowed to meet the customer’s requirements (cf. Lowenthal 2006, 2). The former Inspector General and Executive Director of the CIA, Lyman Kirkpatrick, defines this special kind of surveillance in an appropriate way: „[Intelligence is] the knowledge - and, ideally, foreknowledge - sought by nations in response to external threats and to protect their vital interests, especially the well-being of their own people.“ (Kirkpatrick 1997, 365). Although, Abraham Shulsky, a specialist in this field argues that the concept of intelligence is not only used of policy makers or governments and also for example economics and environmental organisations are interested in it (cf. Shulsky 2002, 6), I will particularly examine intelligence as part of military information. This is the case because in comparison to other industries who also would like to benefit from information gathering, I would argue that intelligence in terms of military information has the biggest influence on international security. Especially because of recent occurrences, such as the NSA spying-scandal, publications of the internet platform Wikileaks or also a little earlier, the incidents within United States intelligence agencies before 9/11 or at the beginning of the Iraq war in 2003, it is necessary to outline the importance of intelligence to international security. The general and philosopher Sun Tzu, who lived in ancient C...
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In this paper, I will do a case study on the Bay of Pigs and why the United States tried to conduct this attack. I will find out what intelligence led to this invasion attempt as well as what intelligence failures were made which resulted in the failure of the invasion. I will discuss what impact the Bay of Pigs had on the United States Intelligence community and what changes was made. I will end this paper with any findings I have concluded to if the failure has any affect on how the U.S. conducts intelligence in today’s world.
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