In various traffic mishaps that take place around the globe, side impact collision are not only frequent, but they also result in very harmful accidents. According to global accident statistics, about 30% of all impacts are side impact crashes, and account for 35% of total fatalities. The front and rear zone of the car have a considerable amount of crush zone, for absorbing impact energy, but this is not the case for side impacts. Side impacts have a considerably reduced crash zone for absorbing impact energy at the side, thus side impacts requires more attention, in part design and use of energy absorbing material. Side impacts require special attention because during side impact accidents the occupant sits within the crash zone, thus often Polypropylene is one of those most versatile polymers available with applications, both as a plastic and as a fiber, in virtually all of the plastics end-use markets.[3] Production of polypropylene takes place by slurry, solution or gas phase process, in which the propylene monomer is subjected to heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst system. Polymerization is achieved at relatively low temperature and pressure and the product yielded is translucent, but readily colored. Differences in catalyst and production conditions can be used to alter the properties of the plastic. Propylene is obtained, along with ethylene, by cracking naphtha (crude oil light distillate). Ethylene, propylene, and higher alkenes are separated by low temperature fractional distillation.[3] Polypropylene is a relatively easy material to injection mold in spite of its semi crystalline nature. The absence of any real need for high molecular weight, from the mechanical properties view point, leads to low melt viscosity (easy flow). The pseudo plastic nature of polypropylene enhances this effect at high shear rates (fast filling rates). Typically melt temperatures for injection molding are between 200 and 250oC, though they can be as high as 280, or even 300oC, for short periods of
On September 7th and 14th of 2000 my lab partners and I conducted the polystyrene bead molding project. My lab partners are Josh Dick, Mike Ward, and Keith Matlock, and we conducted the procedure in room W126 of the Kansas Technology Center. We were to attempt to make polystyrene bead molds using two different methods. In theory we would be able to perform the bead molding.
In this work, the mechanical and barrier properties were examined for Polypropylene (PP) film in which the surface of the film was modified by Oxygen plasma treatment. The PP film was treated in various intervals of time of 60 s, 120 s, 180 s, 240 s and 300 s with three various RF power settings of 7.2 W, 10.2 W, 29.6 W. The contact angle was measured to characterize the wettability. The oxygen functional groups were generated on the surface of oxygen modified PP which was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and it was resulted in the improvement of wettability. The surface morphology and roughness of the PP films before and after the oxygen plasma treatment was analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It was found that the roughness of
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences. (2004, August 11). Environmental Roadmapping Initiative. Retrieved October 14, 2011, from Plastics Impacts, Risks and Regulations: http://ecm.ncms.org/ERI/new/IRRPlastics.htm
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most commonly used polymers which can be identified into two plastic identification codes: 2 for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 4 for low density polyethylene (LDPE). Polyethylene is sometimes called polyethene or polythene and is produced by an addition polymerisation reaction. The chemical formula for polyethylene is –(CH2-CH2)n– for both HDPE and LDPE. The formation of the polyethylene chain is created with the monomer ethylene (CH2=CH2).
The production of polyolefin was started in the research laboratories. Polyethylene was the first created polyolefin in 1933 at Imperial Chemical Company by E.W. Fawcett and R.O. Gibson. The production of polyolefin is expected to achieve 100 million of metric
Extrusion produces material such as pipe or tubing, weather-stripping, fencing, plastic films and sheeting, deck railings, window frames, thermoplastic-coatings, and wire insulation. In the plastics extrusion, the raw compound material is usually in the form of nurdles, small beads which often called resin, that are gravity fed into a top mounted hopper then into the barrel of the extruder. Additives like colorants and U.V. inhibitors (liquid/pellet form) are often used and which then can be mixed into the resin precede to arrive at the hopper. The process has very much in common with plastics injection molding from a point of the extruder technology though it may differs in that as it is usually a continuous process. While pultrusion be capable of offering many same profiles in continuous lengths which comes usually with added reinforcing, this is achieved with pulling the finished result out of the die instead of extruding a typical polymer melt through the die. A large number of polymers are used in the production of pipes, rods, rails, plastic tubing, seals, and sheets or films. For example, ABS, HIPS
Up to 50% of the resin weight can be fillers but the addition of these fillers will affect the strength of the composite to varying degrees. The use of fillers can be helpful when casting thick components as pure epoxies generate substantial amounts of heat when curing and the addition of fillers can reduce this exothermic heat output.
Polymer-Polyethylene is partially crystalline as well as amorphous because it has crystalline and amorphous regions. Also it has linear chains so this is the simplest structure compared to a branched or network chain. This can be of an advantage to it over other types of materials as its good toughness and elongation makes it very significant in the engineering industry as it can be moulded or extruded into shape...
Polyethylene is a polymer that is made of a long chain of CH2 monomers bonded together. It is one of the most commonly used polymers in everyday items. Grocery bags, soap bottles, children’s toys, and even bullet proof vests are all made from polyethylene.2 This polymer is very versatile and can be used in many materials but this all depends on the way that the polymer is chemically made or enhanced. There are many different types of polyethylene classified by density and branching. 2
Plastic bottles are everywhere, whether they are soda bottles, water bottles or even reusable bottles. Each year the number of plastic bottles filling up landfills is increasing by a considerable amount, which is a serious problem and can result in grave consequences for the environment. The average time estimated for a plastic bottle to decompose is approximately seven hundred years. One way to solve this problem is to recycle plastic bottles into the polyester by a process called polymerization. A lot of textile industries select polyester as their choice of fibre and fabric. Polyester is extensively used in manufacturing all kinds of clothes and home furnishings. According to Kris Barber (2011, page2), it takes about three bottles to make
* To Save Resources by either reducing the production of standard Polypropylene plastics by replacing it with a less resource-intensive plastic.
The main problems associated with synthetic polymers are related to Environment, and these problems negatively affect the environment by pollution. The key idea of this problem is that these polymers do not breakdown therefore they harm the environment. They are also harmful for everybody’s health. Most polymers are non-biodegradable and this brings around the problem.
The prices of raw materials for engineering and standard plastics are increasing day by day. The raw material for synthetic plastics comes from natural (fossil) resources (e.g. petroleum) which are of limited stock. It takes hundreds of years for the fossil resources to get formed, while their uses are so rapid that their available amount is decreasing day by day. Moreover synthetic polymers are non bio-degradable in nature and so application of these is a serious threat to our surrounding environment. Therefore concern has been shifted towards using such materials which are bio-degradable and eco-friendly. Biocomposites are such materials which are obtained by combining natural fillers with polymer matrices. The combination
Steven, S.E.(2002).Green Plastic: An introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
In this paper, we will explore the different biodegradable polymers and the current technologies involved in their