The polymerization process generally relates to the polymerization of carboxyl containing monomers. The invention relates to the polymerization in solution of a monomeric material containing an acrylic acid which produced solid, hydrophilic polymers.
The carboxylic polymers are insoluble in water and organic solvents. These types of carboxylic polymers are used as thickeners, suspending agents and stabilizers. They are utilized in a wide variety of personal care products, pharmaceuticals and household cleaners. Most Carboxylic polymers are high molecular weight acrylic acid chains, usually cross-linked with poly-functional allylic ethers, and are available as powders or liquids [1-4]. They are also used to stabilize, suspend and control the
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Taylor, Bagley: “Tailoring Closely Packed Gel-Particles Systems for Use as Thickening Agents,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 21, 113-122, 1977.
2. Dautzenberg, H.; Jaeger, W.; Kotz, J.; Philipp, B.; Seidel, Ch.; Stscherbina, D. Polyelectrolytes, Formation, Characterization and Applications; Hanser: Munich, Vienna, New York, 1994.
3. Bamford, C. H. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1991; Vol. 13, pp 708–867.
4. M Pader: Rheological Properties of Cosmetics and Toiletries, Marcel Dekker, New York, Chapter 7, (1993).
5. Chin C. Hsu, US Patent 4,758,641, Polycarboxylic acids with small amount of residual monomer (1988).
6. Chor Huang, Robert K. Schlatzer, US Patent 4,509,949, Quality textile dyeing using reactive, direct or disperse dyes; screen printing (1985).
7. John A. Glass and John F. Jones, US Patent 2,980,655, Polymerization process, (18, Apr. 1961)
8. Harold P. Brown, US Patent 2,798,053 Carboxylic polymers (1957).
9. Robert K. Schlatzer, Jr., US Patent 3,915,921, unsaturated carboxylic acid-long chain alkyl ester copolymers and tri-polymers water thickening agents and emulsifiers (1974).
Reference:
1. Gaetano F. D’Alelio US Patent 2,340,110, Process for removing cations from liquid media, (25, Jan.
Makadia HK. & Siegel SJ., 2011. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier. Polymers, 3, 1377-1397
Biological waxes are esters of long-chain (C14 to C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain (C16 to C30) alcohols. Their melting points (60 to 100 _C) are generally higher than those of triacylglycerols.In plankton, the free-floating microorganism sat the bottom of the food chain for marine animals, and waxes are the chief storage form of metabolic fuel. Waxes also serve a diversity of other functions related to their water-repellent properties and their firm consistency. Certain skin glands of vertebrates secrete waxes to protect hair and skin and keep it pliable, lubricated, and waterproof. Birds, particularly waterfowl, secrete waxes from their preen glands to keep their feathers water-repellent. The shiny leaves of holly, rhododendrons, poison ivy, and many tropical plants are coated with a thick layer of waxes, which prevents excessive evaporation of water and protects against parasites. Biological waxes find a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. Lanolin (from lamb’s wool), beeswax carnauba wax (from a Brazilian palm tree), and wax extracted from spermaceti oil (from whales ;)
surfactants. They are made up of two amphiphilic moieties connected at the level of the head
rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers
A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an arrangement of molecules, orientated parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a “Crystalline Structure”. A manufacturing process known as ‘Spinning’ is needed to achieve this Crystallinity structure. Spinning is a process that involves forcing the liquefied polymer solution through a ‘die’ (small holes).
The most commonly produced PVC structure by addition polymerisation is the atactic PVC. As seen in Figure #, the chlorine atoms are branched randomly and asymmetrically along the carbon backbone. Unlike the other two structures, the random orientation prevents the polymers from packing closely together and is described to be ‘amorphous’.
Woodhouse, T. F. (1929). Artificial Silk or Rayon (2nd ed.). Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.
The purpose of this experiment was to create a polymer by reacting a mixture of decanedioyl dichloride and dichloromethane with a mixture of water, 1,6-hexadiamine and sodium carbonate. Specifically, we created the polymer Nylon-6,10. Nylon-6,10 polymers are used in a vast majority of things we use in everyday life such as zippers, the bristles in brushes, and even car parts. This experiment was different from the industrial method of making nylon because that takes place at a much higher temperature. A polymer is a substance that has a structure made of similar or identical units bonded together. All polymerizations fall into two categories: step-growth and chain-growth (both of which we used to form our polymer). Step growth polymerization
chains instead of hydrogen atoms. Cross-linking is another way in which the polymer can be made stronger. This involves ultraviolet radiation that bombards the polymer with electrons and formulates bonds between the molecular chains of the polymers. This is like linear polyethylene but different in that it is more impact resistant, and it has a much higher density. This allows it to be stored or be used with different chemicals that would normally cause the polymer to desolve.3 This can start to become a problem because as the polymer continues to become chemically enhanced. So the ways of dissolving and recycling the polymer become more difficult.
This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away.
Plastic bottles are everywhere, whether they are soda bottles, water bottles or even reusable bottles. Each year the number of plastic bottles filling up landfills is increasing by a considerable amount, which is a serious problem and can result in grave consequences for the environment. The average time estimated for a plastic bottle to decompose is approximately seven hundred years. One way to solve this problem is to recycle plastic bottles into the polyester by a process called polymerization. A lot of textile industries select polyester as their choice of fibre and fabric. Polyester is extensively used in manufacturing all kinds of clothes and home furnishings. According to Kris Barber (2011, page2), it takes about three bottles to make
Polymerization of cyclic esters has attracted a lot of interest for the synthesis of biodegradabale/ biocompatible polymeric materials, such as polylactide, polyglycolide and also other polymer compound such as linear polycarbonate. Ring opening polymerization of cyclic ester compounds is better than step polymerization for obtaining high Mw polymers in a controlled “living” fashion, while avoiding the formation of by-products.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, The U.S. Textile and Apparel Industry: A Revolution in Progress–Special Report, OTA-TET-332 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1987). <http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk2/1987/8733/873306.PDF>
... polylactide reducing the cost of the overall polymer. When this semester concludes I will have had experience using a TGA, DMA, DSC, and SEM in a laboratory environment to characterize the properties of a polymer composite that I created.
In this paper, we will explore the different biodegradable polymers and the current technologies involved in their