With the increasing economical and environmental threats, oil companies and originations seeks ways to increase the recovery presenting of oil from every reservoir. Meanwhile, re-entry drilling of horizontal sidetracks from existing wells and multilateral drilling for new wells are techniques which help to achieve that goal. However, new approaches are needed to decrease the cost and to improve efficiency of rotary drilling methods used for these purposes. A new device called Plasma Pulse Technology or (PPT) is a method for drilling of small diameter holes in oilfields for sidetrack creation and multilateral (Novas Energy). The method relies upon the use of the energy of impulse spark discharges which are formed inside the rock formation in front of the drilling position. Plasma pulse technology was developed at St. Petersburg State Mining University. Plasma pulse technology has the potential to increase the lifetime of oil reservoir and it would significantly reduce the cost of exploration drilling (Novas Energy).
Before plasma pulse technology
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a basic term for techniques for increasing the amount of rough and ready oil that can be extracted from any oil field (Hobson & Tiratsoo, (1975). Enhanced oil recovery is also can be called as improved oil recovery or tertiary. Quaternary recovery is a term that sometimes used to refer to more complex, speculative, EOR techniques. Before the birth of plasma pulse technology, according to Hobson & Tiratsoo, the recovery presetting of using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) to extracted the oil from the reservoirs are between 30 to 60 percent or more; however, the recovery presetting of the usage of the primary and secondary recovery techniques are between 2...
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...als in addition it is very salty. Therefore, this can be very harmful for drinking water sources and to the environment as well if it was not properly controlled by officials (USGS).
Conclusion
It is well known that primary and secondary production methods allow us to recover from 20 to 40 percent of fussil fuel resources (Hobson & Tiratsoo, (1975). Moreover, Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) makes it possible to produce up to 60 percent of the original oil in the reservoir remaining after standard production methods fail to extract more oil utilizing a broad field of techniques. Therefore, plasma pulse technology or (PPT) which it was invented at the St. Petersburg State Mining University, (PPT) can recover more than 90 percent of oil. In addition, plasma pulse technology works without any chemicals and therefore it is environmentally friendly to use (Novas Energy).
We use metals to construct all kinds of structures, from bridges to skyscrapers to elevators. The strength as well as durability of materials that are crafted out of metal make the materials ideal not only for construction but also for many other applications.
It can slow brain development when the kids drink the water, and it can also cause skin lesions, hair loss, hypertension, vision loss, and
This is an important topic. It affects the overall health of the population surrounding the Chesapeake Bay, as we eat from it quite often and it can be used as a water source. The chemicals being released into the water are from coal-burning factories and runoff, which can be helped, but it’s almost impractical in this day and age to spend the amount of money required to do so without the technology that can guarantee a fix.
For years law enforcement has been searching for more effective less lethal options to apprehend suspects. One of the newest technologies available is the Taser, also known by industry standards as an electronic controlled device (ECD). The Taser uses electricity to override the central nervous system, an effect referred to as “neuro-muscular incapacitation (NMI), to cause temporary incapacitation to allow officers to gain control of a subject.
Looking at the dam’s environmental harm specifically, it is clear that this project should immediately cause. "Environmentalists warn that sewage will back up and destroy the precious habitats for river dolphins, giant pandas and other rare animals.
However, there is no guarantee that there are no long-term health effects caused by the chemical since regulators do not have adequate data (The Associated Press, 2014). Those affected by the spill are the residents near Elk River who depend on the river's water supply. Many restaurants, hotels and local businesses are forced to close since residents are not able to access tap water other than for flushing toilets. Locals are forced to take cold baths and use only bottled water for hydration and cooking needs (The Associated Press, 2014).... ...
Such is the condition of Texas waterways. The surging population in Texas, the numerous pharma, chemical and oil industries, landowners, farmers and other residents have been recklessly using water. Water is a limited resource and our best efforts in recycling, reusing and conserving water have not yielded the desired results. Climatic changes over the past few decades may have resulted in unpredictable rainfall in Texas. It is important to conserve water without polluting it. It is shocking to know that the drinking water has traces of arsenic, cyanide, nitrates, asbestos and mercury and lead. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Geological Survey after conducting studies have shown that water samples containing growth hormones, various antibiotics,birth control drugs, and many other chemicals end up in ground water. The Trinity River is highly polluted with bacteria from sewage. The high water pollution in Texas State by various sources causes environmental hazards and life threatening diseases like cancer and nerve damage; thus the government and community should intensify their efforts to reduce pollution and make drinking water safe.
The extraction of crude oil from the Athabasca oil sands is carried out by surface mining and in situ mining. 90% of recoverable bitumen is located too deep to be recovered by surface mining (Mossop, 1980). Both techniques require invasive processes to successfully extract the bitumen from the subsurface and result in degradation of the land upon which they ar...
Swift, W.H, . C.J. Touhill, W.L. Templeton, and D.P. Roseman. 1969. Oil spillage prevention, control, and restoration—state of the art and research needs. Washington, D.C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.
finding new ways to drill for oil and also refine it more efficiently to ensure that
,n.d. web. 21 May 2014 Petroleum engineering. Encyclopedia Britannica. N.P., n.d. Web.
» Source: this includes an E P & from oil and characteristic gas from different topographical sources, including the most recent innovations.
Water has been harmful effects that should be addressed. For example death can be caused by water if you accidently breathe the substance in and even lead to hysteria if used improperly. As in the case of a 64 year old women who “On the evening before her death, she began compulsively drinking water in vast quantities, estimated at between 30 and 40 glasses, and this was interspersed with episodes of vomiting. She became hysterical and also distressed, shouting that she had not drunk enough
In 21st century almost all devices work with electricity. Electricity makes activity of people easier and more comfortable. Moreover, it plays a great role in development of medicine, science, education, transport and other spheres of human’s life. However, electricity production is becoming more and more problematic because the biggest part of energy for electricity is produced by natural resources, which are neither infinite nor renewable. It means that one day mineral reserves can run out, and, as a result, there will be risk of possible energy crisis. This situation stimulates humanity to transfer to renewable power system. Countries around the world are promoting sustainable energy policies, particularly to reduce greenhouse effect that contributes to severe problems such as Global warming and acid rain (Energy Information Administration (EIA) 2010). The problem of alternative energy source search is also popular in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is extremely abundant in natural resources, especially in fossil fuels, which are mainly used as energy sources to generate electricity (CIA Factbook 2011). To be more precise, almost 60% of 4.6 billion kilowatt energy that was produced in Kazakhstan in 2008 came from coal, nearly 35 % - from natural gas and oil, 3% of electricity was created by hydro and nuclear electric stations and rest energy was imported from Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (EIA 2010). It seems that the electricity production in Kazakhstan is mainly based on coal and other minerals. Therefore it is important to find an alternative source of energy in Kazakhstan to reduce its reliance on coal and to avoid power crisis and other negative effects of non-renewable energy usage. Since the territory of Kazakhstan is ...