Non Vascular Plant
Non vascular plants are huge in the evolution of plants, because they begin the move of plants onto land. There are not a lot of characteristics that distinguish non vascular plants from other plants, but these characteristics did allow non- vascular plants to separate themselves from the previous group composed largely of algae. The four traits that we see begin to develop are apical meristems, walled spores, gametangia, and one of the most common called alternation of generation. Many of these traits are used additionally in the life cycle of no vascular plants as well. Apical meristems begin to show evidence of roots, and briefly give insight into the upcoming evolution of vascular plants. Gametangia, revolves around the idea that the sperm and eggs of new developing plants with be within some type of embryo rather than free swimming within the water. This was exteremly important to reproduction, as plants begin to move onto land. The third trait, spores within the walls is also important to the move onto land, because it allows for better protection in the structure of plants, and allows them to begin to keep nutrients that they have gathered or absorbed. The final trait, alternation of generations is crucial in the lifecycle, because it describes the idea that first you start with a haploid gametophyte cycle, which then transitions into a diploid sporophyte life cycle.
This brings us to our life cycle of non-vascular plants. Non vascular plants begin as haploid gametophytes, and since it is haploid this is produced by the process of mitosis. The next step is the process of fertilization. The process of fertilization helps in the process of becoming a diploid sporophyte, which then allows us to move into ...
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...osperm group there is some diversity which leads to specific flower types, or fruit, and this is known as monocots, and eudicots. These seed plants are very useful, and we find ourselves interacting with them a lot.
Seed plants are huge in agriculture, medicine, energy, and several other uses. Without seed plants it would be nearly impossible for humans to maintain life on this planet, because our source of food would be very limited. In addition they are always finding new medicinal purposes from plants, such as herbs, and aloe. In addition plants are also helping lead to new fuel developments, and earth friendly ways in which for us to go about creating fuel. This group of plants is very diverse, and extremely useful to us. I believe we will continue to find uses for plants in all of these fields, and that this is only the brink of medicinal and fuel purposes.
Epiphytes have evolved to take advantage of resources not widely available to other plants. Epiphytes have evolved a variety of morphological and physiological differences to deal with difficulty in mineral absorption, photosynthesis, propagation, water acquisition and water retention.
In wild type culture of C-ferns, it is expected that there will be a high concentration of antheridiogen since the hermaphrodites are producing antheridiogen. The greater the population density of C-ferns, the higher the concentration of antheridiogen; hence a high percentage of male gametophytes in the wild type cultures.
Gregor Mendel used pea plants Pisum sativum to experiment with. He used these dure to the contrasting physical features he observed. He found that the plants were either tall or short (dwarf); flower was axial or terminal; purple of white flowers; yellow seed or green seed; round seed or wrinkled seed; green pod or yellow pod; inflated or constricted pod. He saw mathematical patterns emerge when he cross-fertilized the plants over many generations.
...iple types of plants in them) rather than monoculture as found in the Old World.
1. Shelton, A. M., Zhao, J. Z., & Roush, R. T. (2002). Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants. Annual review of entomology, 47(1), 845-881. This paper do the research on the potential ecological and human health consequences of Bt plants, including effects on nontarget organisms, food safety, and the development of resistant insect populations.
Another major breakthrough in farming history is the invention of the tractor. Steam-powered tractors were being tried out as early as 1868 (Historical Timeline). However, they didn’t really take off until several years later. These tractors were monsters, usually weighing in at around 20,000 pounds or more. Some of these tractors had very high power outputs for their time. One example of this is the Case 150 horsepower steam traction engine that w...
One could argue that our species does everything it can do secure a future for ourselves and our future generations. We have traveled to the stars and back, we explore every inch of our land and travel to the deepest depths of our oceans, and we probe the earth for any resources we can find, all in order to find the best possible option for the human species to survive. But are we really doing the right thing for our species to survive?
Plant defences are those mechanisms employed by plants in response to herbivory and parasitism. According to Hanley et al. (2007), “the tissues of virtually all terrestrial, freshwater, and marine plants have qualities that to some degree reduce herbivory, including low nitrogen concentration, low moisture content, toxins or digestibility-reducing compounds”. The type of chemical defence may be species specific (Scott 2008). The defences that plants possess may be in the form of chemical production or in the form of physical defences such as thorns or spikes and even through reinforced, rigid leaves. “The compounds that are produced in response to herbivory can either have a direct effect on the attacker itself (e.g. toxins or digestibility reducers), or serve as indirect defenses by attracting the natural enemies of the herbivores” (Bezemer & van Dam 2005). This essay will focus on chemical plant defences and in particular the effects of terpenes, phenolics, nitrogen-based defences as well as allelopathy in plants.
The thought of evolution is filled with theories, ideas and beliefs. The definition of evolution is rather simple. According to Jerry A. Coyle, evolution is “the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations (2). Evolution gives rise to diversity when it comes to the hierarchy of life otherwise known as biological organization. Many people find the topic of evolution to be troubling and very confusing. Throughout history churches have preached that evolution is atheistic and a sin if even thought about. Famous scientist, Charles Darwin, is said to really be the first to formulate debated theory of evolution by the means of natural selection. Eventually in the 20th century genetics was compounded with Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution. Even today scientists continue to study different aspects of the theory of evolution.
own roots (not just the plant kind), this meant they needed a structure that was different than
In the lab exercise regarding plant structure and function, we examined slides containing the different kinds of roots (monocot, dicot). We labeled the parts and pointed out the different roles of each in the plant structure. Also, we examined monocot stems and dicot stems in order to familiarize ourselves with its external and internal structures. We sketched and labeled the parts of the stem and looked closely at the positions of each part. In the last part of the lab, we classified leaves into different kinds according to their leaf venation, bases of leaves, and apices of leaves. As an additional exercise, we sketched 20 animals and classified them according to phylum and class. We were also able to discover the scientific and common names of the animals. Overall, the exercises we did enabled us to familiarize ourselves with plant structure thus, gaining a better understanding for plant life and its importance.
Evolution can be found among almost every type of creature, if not all living creatures. Indeed, there are many articles and research being done about evolution in sea organisms. Seeing as evolution is based on abilities to obtain food and shelter, the end results usually ended up with an animal or organism evolving to better obtain either of these. For example, the head of a dwarf seahorse was found to have evolved to better catch their prey, the copepod (Ornes, 2013). The shape of the head causes the water in front of the nose to be still as to be able to avoid being detected (Ornes, 2013). With sea creatures evolution also may cause other changes like the loss of a stomach (Milius, 2013). The puffer fish does not “need” the acids to digest its meal and instead used the stomach free area to be able to “puff” up and seem unappetizing (Milius, 2013). Not only is there changes in animals, but also in coral reefs. Instead of having to rely on the green algae to get its food, cold water coral has evolved to become able to get energy from the small creatures that it would catch. It has evolved that way because it is very dark where the coral reefs are found in cold water areas (Earth Sky, 2014). Evolution doesn't just happen within land organisms.
After the seeds of a mother plant mature, they respond to environmental cues that signal the end of the growing season is near and begin PSD (hibernation). If the seed did not enter this dormancy phase, it would attempt to grow as soon as it reached maturity in the flower of the mother plant. As everyone knows, seeds in the wild do not germinate in the Fall Season because they would soon die during the coming winter months. So it is advantageous for seeds temporarily inhibit the process of germination because it increases their chances of survival and eventual hopes of maturing to breed. Different species of plants use different mechanisms remain in PSD. In botany, PSD can be broken down into two broad categories: Embryo Imposed Dormancy and Seed Coat Imposed Dormancy.
Biological evolution is the name for the changes in gene frequency in a population of a species from generation to generation. Evolution offers explanation to why species genetically change over years and the diversity of life on Earth. Although it is generally accepted by the scientific community, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been studied and debated for several decades. In 1859, Darwin published On The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolutionary thought which he supported with evidence of one type of evolutionary mechanism, natural selection. Some of the main mechanisms of evolution are natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift. The idea that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor has been around for a long time but has risen to significance in society over the last two centuries.
Biotic ways would be animals or Homo sapiens (humans). Animals disperse seeds (zoochory) in many ways because of this plants take advantage of animals and their ability to move, to help them disperse their seeds away from the parent plant. One way for the dispersal to happen if the animal were to ingest the seed, then the seed would be passed in their faeces (endozoochory) (2) such as strawberries, raspberries and nuts. Another would be for the seeds to get tangled in the animal’s fur or feathers and hitch a ride to another location, where it will eventually fall or be rubbed off by the animal, such as goose grass or sticky weed (3). Some animals would also bury seeds with the intention to return later to retrieve them. Such as a squirrel with acorns but it may not always be the case that they return (4). Humans would help with seed dispersal by the planting of the seeds or seeds becoming attached to clothes and shoes. Humans used to be classed as animals in seed dispersal however they can now sometimes be s...