Planning
Abstract
Planning is a useful application in artificial intelligence field. It can be applied to solve many practical problems in various fields such as In manufacturing : reconfiguration production line in order to increase flexibility of the production line, In government service: schedule the train to maximize customer satisfaction. Etc. This paper overviews some idea of the classical and reactive planning. The classical planning assumes that the initial world does not change while the planning is being execute. But in the real world, It is possible to have some unexpected event happen when plan is executing such as machine break during the production plan. Reactive planning is a new idea that allows planner to reactive with the environments.
Introduction
Planning system in AI is an agent that can develop a strategy to achieve its goal by finding a series of actions that can have a desirable outcome. Planning system uses the reason about actions as an essential component to solve many practical problems.
For example, in most manufacturing, there is a trend to higher capitalization in plant, smaller batch sizes and tighter controls on inventories. All these trends argue for computer control of the manufacturing process which requires reasoning about actions at almost every level, from process routing, to setting up the job shop. In competitive markets with small batch sizes, manufacturers must be able to reconfigure in response to shifts in customer demands for products and to contractual obligations. Mathematical modeling and operations-research techniques, while appropriate for long range predictions, cannot accomplish shorter-term tactical planning when it is important to have a clear understanding of the ...
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...r produces a world model that satisfies the goal. Classical planner assume that the world state is not change during the plan is execute. But Reactive planning allow the world stat to change during the plan
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The Army Problem Solving Model was design to be use when time is not critical. The Army Problem solving model is a systematic way to arrive at the best solution. This system considers the risk and a detail analysis of each course of action to prepare an unbiased solution for the decision maker. In contrast with the Rapid Decision Makin and Synchronization Process (RDMS) was design to give the commander the ability make timely and effective decision without the expending too much time on processing or analyzing all the information.
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On the other hand, the process of «problem-solving» can be investigated in the light of the following question: «how is it possible to build a piece of correct reasoning?». This task is considered in Heuristic. Heuristic investigates general principles and methods of «problem-solving». Computer Heuristic (computer heuristic method) is a system of rules (a rule) for essential reducing the complete search, i.e. heuristic methods are opposed to exhaustive search methods.
Artificial intelligence is slowly being applied to the wide field of robotics. Anyone interested in intelligent robotics can look into programming in robotics and learning how A.I. is applied. Programming artificial intelligence into robots is no different than on a computer except for the variable of motion and environment. There are starter kits and current A.I. robotic research to look into if one is interested in getting involved. This section will cover the basics in getting started on figuring out how artificial intelligent robots work.
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Planning is an essential but potentially complex managerial function. The main objective of planning is to ensure that the organization is both effective and efficient in its activities and that it achieves its goals.
The concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has myriad definitions. It is commonly described as the ability of a man-made machine to imitate human behaviour. Artificial intelligence is present, at a range of levels, in almost all modern-day technology; all computers and a host of home appliances use AI, in various manners. Robotics, which is an up and coming branch of technology, combines Artificial Intelligence, advanced hardware to create highly innovative machines. The use of such machines ranges from fixing a part in a factory assembly line to a pull sized robot employed in unblocking blood arteries.
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Planning aims to reduce uncertainty. It does this by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate change, consider the impact of change and develop appropriate responses. (Robbins 2012) Through attempted monitoring of conditions in a changing environment, one is able to respond quicker to new information and new circumstances, thereby becoming more flexible. In addition, having the environment under constant observation enables managers to analyse how the organisation will differentiate itself from its competitors, therefore facilitating more chan...
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Planning is a way to respond to the changes occurring in the environment around a person systematically. Planning is an approach towards the problem solving rationally. It can be taken as a remedial tool for creating change in the current situation in systematic and efficient way.
“Planning: is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals” (Bateman & Snell, 2004, p. 16).
To plan is to create an outline of a businesses organisational objectives or aims, as well as how to achieve those aims and should be a framework of what needs to be completed when and how to achieve it, (Robbins, S, Decenzo, D, Coulter, M&Woods, M, 2014). Ensuring that businesses or organisations have a formal business plan is important because a good plan reduces a manager’s uncertainty in change, details how to manage or how to respond to change and reduces inefficient activities thus ensuring confident control and productivity, (Robbins, S, et al., 2014). By formally planning, a manager is limiting the chance of failure, thus without planning you cannot succeed. When there is a succinct plan in place, members of an organisation are all working towards set goals and are able to coordinate their activities to achieve these goals. A lack of planning can lead to an organisation’s members working in opposite directions and this keeps the organisation from reaching its goals (Robbins, S, et al.,...
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