Introduction
This experiment is designed to study the real flow in the pipes. There are three types of fluid flows had been identified throughout this experiment. They are laminar, transitional and turbulent flows. The pressure gradients along the pipe were measured while the friction factors of pipes were calculated at different flow rates. Lastly, velocity profiles in pipe cross section were plotted at different flow rates.
The study of flow pipes is extremely important as application of pipe system have been used in variety field in real life. For example, transportation of consumed water, waste water, oil and gas are seemed to be easier after application of pipe system.
1.1 Objectives
This experiment was carried out to identify the values of Reynolds Number for typical laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in a pipe with circular cross-section. Besides, this experiment was aimed to gain understanding of friction concept applied in pipe flow and obtain the fully-developed flow friction factor for a range of different flows. Lastly, velocity profile in the cross section of pipe for both laminar and turbulent flow was measured and compared.
1.2 Report structure (modify after report completed)
In this report, theory of pipe flow was introduced. This is followed by the experimental apparatus and experimental procedure that required for carrying out the experiment. Next, experimental results that recorded were tabulated and shown. Detailed analysis was done based on experimental results. Comparison between theoretical and experimental value had been done as well. Possible sources of error had been determined accompanied with the suggestion for result accuracy improvement. Last but not least, conc...
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.... Thus, laminar flow should achieve fully developed fluid flow in a shorter development length compared to turbulent flow. On the other hand, turbulent flow requires a longer time to achieve fully developed flow because it is unstable, chaotic and moving in all directions. In short, the result was not agreed with the theory.
The different between theory and experimental result might due to the laminar flow assumption in Test 1. Fluid flow in Test 1 was actually transitional flow which consists of both characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow. However, formula for laminar flow was used to calculate development length. This might affect the accuracy of development length calculation. Therefore, result with greater development length in Test 1 was considered explainable due to the invalid assumption.
Figure 5.2 Laminar Flow
Figure 5.3 Turbulent Flow
The results collected during this investigation were as follows: 68.4 dB for the 10 cm pipe, 69.8 dB for the 20 cm pipe, 79 dB for the 30 cm pipe, 84.2 dB for the 40 cm pipe, and 84.2 dB for the 50 cm pipe. The hypothesis states: if the length of the PVC pipes were to increase and the frequency used in this experiment remained the same, then the sound produced from the pipe will have a lower amplitude each time. According
Laminar flow creates much less shear stress than turbulent flow at the same velocity because there is no swirling or random motion.
... this experiment, the shape of the wake behind the cylinder was determined and the water tunnel was calibrated. The conclusions are listed below:
Question: Discuss the importance of Relief Valves in the unit operations in detail, and give the design criteria/ parameters/ models available equations in the literature. Support your work by giving a typical example from the literature.
The pipette was squeezed, as to allow wafting and smelling of the vapors. The smells were recorded in the data table.
Steel pipes are used in a variety of applications. The ones that might come immediately to mind are water and sewage. However, they are also used for lightweight but strong structural support, scaffolding, oil and gas pipes and other industrial applications.
Investigate the effects of the spacer grid on local two-phase flow parameters, by measuring around the center rod, at four axial locations 7Dh before, & 7, 16, 45 Dh after grid.
Compared to the linear peristaltic pump and rotary peristaltic pump, the 360 degree peristaltic pump runs more slowly at the same performance. As a result, the hoses will have longer lifetime which is economic. Furthermore, the 360 degree peristaltic pump produces less friction due to the unique structure, and therefore less thermal. Especially, the 360 degree peristaltic pump has only a single compression per rotation while the ordinary pumps with numerous shoes or rollers have at least two or more compression per revolution. This means that the design of the 360 degree pump will prolong the lifetime of the tube. At the same size, this design will generate more flow volume (55%) at the same
The area of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) started with the steady advancement of high speed computers and also due to the development of efficient numerical algorithms, gaining importance. CFD complements experimental and theoretical fluid dynamics by providing an alternative cost effective means of simulating real flows. As such, it offers the means of testing theoretical advances for conditions unavailable experimentally. For example, wind tunnel experiments are expensive and are limited to a certain range of Reynolds numbers typically one or two orders of magnitude less than full
In industry, the performance specifications for a particular pump may be known, but the tests are usually based on water as the pumping medium. For liquids of significantly higher viscosity than water, these performance curves may only be accurate at certain flow rates, or they might not be valid at all, and it might be necessary to recalibrate the specifications for higher viscosity liquids.
All piping system to be tested shall have high point vent and low point drain. The pressure gauge used for testing shall be located as close to the lowest point as possible
If the nozzle pressure ratio is high enough, then the flow will reach sonic velocity at the narrowest point (i.e. the nozzle throat). In this situation, the nozzle is said to be choked.
1) Explain what to do you understand by laminar and turbulent airflow over an airfoil.
Pipeline Transportation is a massive mode of transportation for over one hundred countries around the world. As of 2014, there is approximately 2,175,000 miles of pipeline, enough to wrap around the Earth 87 times. Of those millions of miles, 64% of the world’s pipeline is in the United States alone. Pipelines are mostly used for the transportation of both crude and refined petroleum, fuels such as oil, natural gas, and biofuels, and other fluids like water and sewage. Even alcohol is sometimes transported using pipelines. Pipelines are used all around us. Miles of them are running continuously below our feet on a daily basis. The creation of pipeline transportation has been an incredibly help to society both directly and indirectly.
Pipeline transport is the use of pipes to convey various products from one point to another. These pipes can be made up of metal, plastic or even ceramic. It is efficient in transporting petroleum and natural gases over long distances. It is also convenient and economical in transporting petroleum and natural gases when compared to truck and rail modes of transport. It allows for the transport of large volumes of the commodity (Clifford