Solvent and solvent mixture Extraction
Solvent extraction is the conventional and common extraction technique to extract by-product of fermentation process. Determination of optimal condition on pigment extraction is essential especially for industrial scale usage. Extraction by different types of solvents and solvents mixture were investigated by exposing the dried fermented rice to various solvent, separately. The solvents and solvents mixture were examined on the efficiency of pigment extraction (Figure 2). The figure shows that all solvents tested were able to extract the pigment. Among the solvents tested, solvent mixture (60% ethanol) shows the best solvent with a yield of 4.48 AU/g dry solid, followed by methanol (3.29 AU/g dry solid), 95% ethanol (3.01 AU/g dry solid) and distilled water with a yield of 2.98 AU/g dry solid. Solvent mixture of 60% ethanol appeared to be the best solvent for red pigment extraction due to the higher solubility of red pigment produced
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In this research, ultrasonic was applied on the fermented product. The effect of ultrasound on pigment extraction was examined. Four different ultrasonic times were applied to the fermented rice which were mixed formerly with solvent mixture at a ratio of 2:1 (solvent to solid), separately. Figure 5 shows the effect on the extraction yield at different sonication times. The result indicated that the longer exposure to ultrasonic condition, the greater the yield can be extracted (increased 21.31% at 120 min, Figure 5). During sonication process, the cavitation effects assist the pigment from the fermented product release to extraction solvent. Cavitation can cause temperature increase, pressure increase, thus accelerate chemical reactions of extracted compounds (Kanthale, et al., 2003; Vilkhu et al.,
The LWC Color Guard depends on the capability of its captains and how well they can do their job as a section leader. A leader, in general, is someone who many people look to for advice, instruction, motivation, and most importantly, encouragement. This means that it is important for a leader to have the ability to make difficult decisions and do what is best for the color guard. An essential job of a leader is to guide others as well as being an example of a hard, passionate, and dedicated worker. Some qualities that are necessary for a color guard captain are compassion, character, and courage.
Red, orange and yellow colors can be taken from Monascus sp. By providing the conditions accordingly. These pigments can be used to in coloration of beer, meat, cheese, fish and meat along with their application in giving color to printer ink, drugs, cosmetics and fabric dyeing. Beside their antimicrobial, antioxidant activity they are effective against cholesterol. By adjusting mode of fermentation and factors for growth (pH, temperature, oxygen
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
Before beginning extraction, there are four main rules that should be considered while attempting to pick a solvent. Rule number one is that the extraction solvent and original solvent must be immiscible (do not mix) and form two individual layers. Water is denser so its bottom layer. The second rule is that the extraction solvent cannot irreversibly react with the compound you are trying to extract. Technically every reaction is reversible but the reaction here is easily reversed. If you can easily go backwards then the reaction is not a problem. But if it is a difficult reaction to go backwards, then you do not want that reaction to take place. The third rule is that the extraction solvent should be as specific to your compound as possible. One should yield every time you do an extraction since you lose and you want to limit the total number of separations you have to do to maximize your overall yield. The las...
In the United States, its population consists of variety of races, ethnic and mixed groups including White Americans. Although the U.S is considered as a modern day melting pot country, White Americans are still considered the majority. Not only are they the majority in population, but they are also best known as the privileged population as well. Considering the diversity in the U.S, each person typically goes through a process of shaping their identity including White Americans. This process consists of experiences and influences from an individual, group and universal level. To be more in-depth regarding white racial identity development, the goal is to create an identity that is consistent of an individual’s increasing critical conscience
Two spinach leaves were extracted and grinded using a pestel. The spinach leaves were then mixed with methylene chloride and added to separatory funnel along with water. The organic (green) layer of spinach leaves was then allowed to drain and concentrated in the hood. A melting point capillary was then used to insert some organic solution onto the TLC plates. These TLC plates were then placed in solutions of different ration of acetone and hexane. In this case, the stationary phase was the silica gel plate and the mobile phase was the solvent. According to our observations 4 acetone: 6 hexane and 6 acetone and 40: hexane solutions were able to show the color bands for most spinach pigments. However, the ratio of 4:6 didn’t show the bands for xanthophylls and carotene while 6:4 ratio did show the band for yellow and light yellow which are characteristic of xanthophyll and carotene. We also calculated the Rf factor by measuring how far the substance travelled (ds) and how far the solvent travelled (dx) (Rf=ds/dx). By calculating the Rf values in 6:4 ratio, we can conclude that Xanthophyll (Rf=.84), carotene (Rf=.8), Pheophytin (Rf=.62) were more polar than chlorophyll A (Rf=.89) and Chlorophyll B (Rf=.87) because they had lower calculated Rf
The presence of a colored precipitate represents a pattern in the electron configuration of cations. When the outer p orbital of the ion of the metal is full, the precipitate of the product is white and no other color is present. When the outer d orbital of an ion is not completely full, the precipitate of the product is a true color. When the d orbital is completely full, the color of the precipitate is not a true color. Magnesium sulfate, aluminum chloride, and calcium chloride had a white precipitate after reacting with sodium hydroxide. Sodium chloride remained a clear liquid. The ions of magnesium, aluminum, calcium, and sodium have complete outer p orbitals and have no d orbitals. The precipitates and/or the liquids were colorless because
Colorism has became a huge issue in today’s society. Colorism is an issue because, it is a form of racism, it reflects back on the days of slavery, it is overall rude, and jail terms are affected.
The size of the pigment molecule is involved in the separation of the pigments; therefore, smaller pigments will be able to travel farther. Other factors involved in pigment separation are the amount of time the chromatography is run and the pigment solubility (No author mentioned. (n.d.). Henderson State University. Separation of Pigments by Chromatography.).
Chromatography is an extensive range of laboratory technique which aims to separate complex mixtures into their components which are distributed between a stationary phase bed and a mobile phase. There are various methods of chromatography. One method of mixture separation by chromatography is the column chromatography. Column chromatography gives a clear visual separation of components throughout the column. It is a cheap, simple method however it is time consuming. Another method of chromatography is thin layer chromatography which can be used to determine the number of components present within a mixture and to monitor column chromatography (Mohrig, et al., 2006). Thin Layer Chromatography is commonly used because it is a sensitive, speedy, easy and a rather inexpensive analytical technique of mixture separation. Examples of mixture that can be separated into their distinct components are chlorophylls from leaves of plants. Several different pigments are available from the leaves of the plant. Chlorophylls available in higher plants are chlorophylls a and chlorophylls b. Higher plant leaves also contain other pigments such as xanthophylls, carotenoids and phaeophytin. In some leaves, other pigments such as anthocyanins and antoxanthins may be found (Datta, 1994). All these pigments absorb light at certain wavelengths and appear as the color of reflected light. The aim of this practical is to understand the technique and principles of thin layer chromatography and column chromatography and identify the different pigments present within the leaves.
Rice is the major cereal consumed in almost all parts of the world. Bran oil is used as the fuel which is obtained from the Rice bran. Rice Bran is the middle part between the paddy husk and the endosperm. Bran consists of only 15-20% of the oil. RBO is similar to groundnut oil (GNO) in fatty acid composition which contains 36% linoleic acid. Edible grade rice bran oil was performed for the experiment. The methods involved for the extraction of Rice bran oil are as follows: (1) Solvent extraction of fresh Rice bran (2) Dewaxing the crude oil by miscella phase (3) double solvent miscella refining using hexane and isopropanol (4) distillation and recovery of dewaxed neutral RBO (5) bleaching under vacuum (6) deodorization at 200°C and absolute
Although there are a lot of conventional water treatment methods available, but due to their disadvantages, there is a need for development of new and effective methods for disinfection of total waterborne pathogens in water treatment. In the near future, advanced oxidation process (AOPs) may become the most widely used water treatment technologies [30, 31, 32]. The processes can be categorized into three types:
...linder. We let it dry and then we repeated the application of the extract on the pencil line up to four times. Make sure the band of pigments are really dark. The following steps were performed in a hood. Following the previous step, we placed the pigment extract to chromatographic paper that was in a cylinder. The cylinder then will be placed in a jar with petroleum ether and acetone. Let the chromatography advance 3 cm over the cylinder. Lastly, the cylinder was taken out from the jar. When analyzing the paper chromatography, golden yellow represented carotene, pale yellow represented xanthophyll, green grass represented chlorophyll a, and yellow- green represented chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll b was all the way at the bottom of the paper making it the most polar and the least soluble in the solvent. Carotene was the most nonpolar and the most soluble in the solvent.
Nature has gifted us with more than 500 dye-yielding plants [30]. One such dye –yielding plant species is Tagetes erecta Linn. , commonly known as Mexican Marigold because of its origin. This research was performed with the explicit objective of extracting natural dye from the petals of Mexican marigold flower using different solvents such as Methanol, Ethanol and Water, and to investigate its dyeing effects on different fabrics and yarn samples. The effects of various mordants on the stability of the dye as well as on the dye color were also analyzed. The color shade differences, L*a*b* values and color strength (K/S values) were estimated using CCM software analysis via Gretag Macbath 7000 A º spectrophotometer. Light fastness, Wash fastness, and Rubbing fastness were also evaluated for fabrics and yarns.
Extraction is a simple process. Several methods are found can be used to separate the solute from the supercritical fluid, which acts as the solvent. There are three basic concepts used to achieve this. First is to change the temperature or pressure so that the solvent capability of the supercritical fluid can be changed. Second is to “wash” the solute out of the supercritical fluid by using a solvent that can strip the solute from the supercritical fluid. The last method which can be used to separate the solute from supercritical fluid is to separate multiple solutes within the supercritical fluid using a packed