Acacia Arabica:
This is a tree’s bark of family laguminosae. It is called as babul in Hindi and kikar in Punjabi (Prasad and Reshmi, 2007).Traditionally it is used for prolapsed,bleeding disorders,leucoorhoea etc.Some studies of this plant exhibited that it has antifungal,antihypertensive,antioxidant and antiplasmodic activities( Farzana et al ., 2014).
Phytochemical analysis:
The fruits and leaves have 32% tannins and flowers have stearic acid,kaempferol-3-glucoside,leucocyanidin and isoquercetin(Chopra et al ., 2002; Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 2000). According to another studies it is revealed that its bark have 20% tannins.It is said that the polyphenolic compounds are present in it and those are identified are dicatechin,quercetin and gallic acid (Said, 1997 ; Gulco, 2001).According to another studies ∞-
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Phytochemical analysis:
A study was conducted for phytochemical analysis.The technique used was gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy.It showed that the plant leaves have 27 compounds.Among them the main compounds were 3,7,11,5- tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (21.34%),sucrose (11.49%), 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl 3(2H)-furan-3-one(8.10%), 5(2H)-oxazolone, 4-(phenylmethyl) (6.97%), megastigmatrienone (5.93%) and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (5.27%) etc (Nanadagopalan et al ., 2015).
According to another studies an acyclic diterpene alcohol called as phytol (3,7,11,5- tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol) was the major compound analyzed. (Daines, 2003 ; Igwe 2014).
Antioxidant effect:
According to another studies at 1% w/v of polysaccharide gel Karaya gums showed 0.2 ± 6.4% scanging activity identified by DPPH method (Palanuvej et al ., 2010).
Malva sylvestris
As shown in figure 2, the percentage of each isomeric alcohol in the mixture had been determined. The hydrogen atom on the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group appear at around 4.0 ppm for borneol and 3.6 ppm for isoborneol. The product ratio has been determined by integrating the peaks. A ratio of 6:1 for the Isoborneol/borneol ratio was expected and is validated by the calculations shown above, with isoborneol percentage at 83.82% and 16.17% of borneol. A CHCl3 group noted at around 7ppm and a CH2Cl2 at around 3.5ppm.
Results: Through a melting point reading, it was determined that the product obtained was 2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C. The products obtained by my partners, were determined to be: (p-bromoacetanilide mp 160-165 C) and (2,4,6 tribromoaniline, mp of 108-110 C) respectively.
The Barfoed’s test for monosaccharides is used to differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Because of the acidity of the solution, only monosaccharides are able to reduce the copper ions. The solution will go from a sky blue to a red precipitate when there is a positive reaction for a monosaccharide. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual,"
Identifying an Organic Unknown Aim: In this investigation I will get a number of unknown organic compounds. Which i have to identify by using a number of different chemical and physical techniques. The only thing is known about the compound is that it contains one of the functional group: alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, phenol and ester. Therefore I devised a sequence of tests that would identify which one of the groups the sample contains. The flow chart below shows the chemical techniques, which I will use to identify the functional group of the unknown.
Monarda fisctulosa had various uses for the Native Americans. This multipurpose plant may also be known as Bee Balm, horsemint, wild oregano, or many more. The most common name is bee balm due to the multitude of bees that are drawn in; some rest on the back side of flower petals, while others spread pollen between the plants. In total, there is approximately fifteen known species currently growing. The parts of the plant can be consumed in a variety of ways. The plant was, and still is, used to treat many issues and illnesses. This paper will describe the characteristics of Monarda, and the many uses for the leaves and flowers.
In the ancient and medieval time, antipyretic agents were only found in willow bark and in cinchona bark [2]. Willow bark was used as a pain reliever [3]. People were advised to chew on the bark in order to relieve pain and fever [3]. Cinchona bark was used for increasing appetite, however people also used it for common cold and fever [4]. When the cinchona tree started to decrease in the 1880s, people started to look for other alternatives [2]. During the 1880s, antipyretics agents were developed, which were acetanilide and phenacetin [2]. These properties of acetaminophen were discovered by accident [2]. It occurred when the molecule acetanilide was added to a patient’s prescription [2]. By this time, this drug had been synthesized via the reduction of p-nitorphenol [2]. However the drug acetaminophen was still not used medically for another 20 years [2]. In 1893, acetaminophen was found in the urine sample of an individual who had taken phenacetin [2]. This drug was concentrated into an odorless, white, crystalline compound that was found to have a bitter taste [2]. Acetaminophen was discovered to be a metabolite of acetanilide, however the discovery was ignored at that time [2]. It was later on that acetaminophen was found to have pain and fever relieving properties
If bacteria is not monitored at all, many different disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis can occur (2). The Lab Manual also stated that bacteria can enter through the oral cavity, get into the bloodstream, and can cause endocarditis in the heart tissue. Given all these possible horrible scenarios, every effort made towards lowering the amount of bacteria in our oral cavity has potential to save lives. Our research will consist of trying to answer an important question, “What substances could help prevent bacteria (pathogen) buildup in the oral cavity”. The first thinking that we had behind this came from those gum commercials you see on T.V. that say “kills bad breath and bacteria”. Well we were curious as to what chemical compound found inside gum has the capability to kill bacteria. It turns out that one of the key factors for the bacteria killing effect found in chewing gum, is known as Xylitol. Xylitol is a naturally occurring alcohol and is used as a “sugar free” substitute in many chewing gum brands
...icted α-methyl-2-naphthalenemethanol. Probably the most obvious clue that corresponded to this secondary alcohol was the seven integrated hydrogens within the aromatic region of 7.5-7.9 ppm. This compound was the only one that had seven hydrogens belonging to naphthalene. The other two secondary alcohols 3-methoxy-α-methylbenzyl alcohol and 4-bromo-α-methylbenzyl alcohol have only four aromatic hydrogens.
Polysaccharides - These are the main active substances of Chaga Mushroom. They are mushroom carbohydrates, which increase energy levels and boost brain and liver function.
But with a growing evidence that wild edible plants are often superior in comparison to processed foods (Somnasang and Moreno-Black, 2000), provide substantial nutritional and dietary benefits in remote rural areas to tribal populations (Sundriyal and Sundriyal, 2001) and can be used to prevent chronic and under nutrition diseases (Green, 1993) ethno botanical studies are becoming increasingly important (Sundriyal and Sundriyal 2000, 2004; Bhattarai and Chaudhary, 2009). The role of ethno-medicinal plants as the prerequisite of culturally pertinent and economically affordable health care in creating both sustainable livelihoods and the critical conservation of biodiversity is gaining an unprecedented importance and consequently a strong emphasis has now been laid on the need to broaden the biological diversity in human nutrition as well as to document and conserve the indigenous knowledge associated with these plants (Javaid M Dad,
The only part of the plant that is consumed is the flower or bud. The stem and leaves of the plant can be broken down to make other materials. From this plant we could create consumer textiles, industrial textiles, paper, building materials, food, industrial products, and hygiene product... ... middle of paper ... ... just over half of all drug arrested in the States.
The first group of chemical compounds to be discussed are terpenes. Terpenes are a very comprehensive group of metabolites which are known to contain essential oils that produces well-known scents in herbs belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family (Scott 2008). These scented compounds are usually found in the trichomes of basil, rosemary, lavender, etc. (Scott 2008). Electron micrograph images of these trichomes can be seen below. According to Keeling & Boltmann (2006), there are about 30 000 known types of terpenes which originated from structures created from terpene synthases. These terpene synthases can be broken up into three groups, monoterpene synthases, sesquiterpene synthases, and diterpene synthases (Keeling &...
Benzyl bromide, an unknown nucleophile and sodium hydroxide was synthesized to form a benzyl ether product. This product was purified and analyzed to find the unknown in the compound.
The terms terpenes and terpenoids were used interchangeably. Terpenoids are compounds related to terpenes, which may include some oxygen functionality or some rearrangement. The first classification of terpene is sesquiterpenoid which consist of 3 isoprene units and has the general formula of C15H24. It usually occurs in plants that yield volatile or essential oil. Some importance of sesquiterpenoids are for the the treatments for diarrhea, burns, influenza and neurodegradation. This is one of the example structure of sesquiterpenoids which consist in Asian ginger:
Alexiades, Dr. Miguel. Book Review: A Field Guide to Medicinal and Useful Plants of the