Abstract:
The employment of surface chemistry in regards of adsorption and adhesion are very various; ranging from purification of Water via catalysis, to cosmetics, skin care, and medicines.
Adsorption is classified according to the way a molecule adheres itself on the surface of the adsorbent. Either by adhesion force (binding energy) or reacting with the surface, forming new electronic bonds. Those classify to two exclusive terms: Chemisorption; adsorption via creating covalent\electronic bonds. And Physisorption; adsorption via binding energy and adhesion. And in case of gases the utilization of pressure and temperature is applied to either increase or reverse the process of adsorption.
In this paper we shall discuss the differences
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Any process of solid on solid adsorption is more likely to involve the power of adhesion. The chosen matter of discussion is the mineral clay; Talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2). Talc is composite of hydrated magnesium silicate. Also known as Talcum Powder or Baby Powder.
Talc is known to have a wide range of uses, but the one in discussion is Talc in cosmetics. The use of talcum is makeup is very common, especially in face powders. It has an ability to absorb oil and water which makes it ideal for setting make up bases that are liquidly. It is also used to reduce the shine on the face, due to that trait. And the fact that it adheres to skin, and adsorbed it popularized its use to smooth out the skin texture. Giving the fact that it resides into pores or any fine lines, as and adsorbent would.
The way talc powder adsorbs on skin is by filling in the pores on the face, which act as active sights, and since those pores also produce oils, the talc powder are able to absorb these oils. Or simply and external humidity. The fact that talc can be crushed into very smooth powder turning it to very small particles, enhances the performance. The talc particles adhere to the skin, and settle
In a phenomenon termed the “hydrophobic effect”, 4 surfactants act the way they do in
such as clay, shale, or blast-furnace slag. Either a dry or a wet process is
...nstead of the common crystalline state, something that is extremely hard (gizmodo.com). That’s where the liquid levitation comes in, a machine that uses sound waves to make liquid solutions float. This way the liquid solutions don't touch any solid materials as the water evaporates, solidifying in the much desired amorphous drug, so it can be more efficient in helping.
When conducting Part B, formation of precipitate, change in color, difference in temperature and gaseous reactions all took place. However unlike Part A more responsive results were recorded.
Fundamental studies by Stober [ ], Meyer and Heckerman [ ] , and Bering and Serpinskii [ ] indicate that silica surface consists of siloxane network in the bulk, while the hydroxyl groups are attached onto silicon atoms. However these groups are not equivalent in their adsorption or reaction behavior. Fig 1a represents a general arrangement on a silica surface. Belyakova et al. identifies that the number of hydroxyl (Silanol) group on different type of silica surfaces are same i.e. 4 -5 SiOH groups per nm2. Lange [ ] identifies that water associates with these silanol groups in two ways, by hydrogen bonding or by physically adsorbed. Dalton and Iler [ ] states that there is at least a monolyer of water immobilized on silanol groups due to hydrogen bonding, this “glassy layer” protects underlying silica network from foreign molecules. Klier and Zettlemoyer [ ] indicates that water sat “oxygen down” on silanol groups. De Boer and Vleeskens [ ] argued that around 120 oC in ambient air silica looses adsorbed water unless it is present in micropores which would otherwise tak...
Aerogels are solid, rigid, dry materials that do not resemble a gel in their physical properties. Pressing softly on an aerogel usually does not leave even a minor mark; pressing more firmly will leave a permanent depression. Despite the fact that it is susceptible to to shattering, it is very strong structurally.
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Although cosmetics became widely popular in the 1900s, tombs from 3100 B.C. have revealed that makeup originated in the first Egyptian Dynasty ("The History of Makeup", 1). Researchers found that these cosmetics contained ingredients that ranged from lead to cat dung; both of which are toxic. The use of toxic chemicals in cosmetics, such as coal tar, negatively impacts a person's health. Cosmetic companies put consumers' health at risk due to the use of toxic chemicals, marketing ploys and failure to properly regulate their own products and the chemicals they contain. While cosmetics pose dangerous risks to the human body in general, pregnant women and their fetus are especially vulnerable to the consequences of being exposed to these toxins.
5) Long Durability: Just needs to be applied once a day, for long lasting results. The combination of powder + minerals will make the makeup last longer leaving a moisturized and natural look.
Adhesive Force: The attractive forces between unlike molecules. In some cases adhesion causes the liquid to cling to the surface where it rests.
At present, cosmetics are always used in daily life. When we talk about cosmetics, most people will think of the things that only use for make-up such as lipstick, eye-shadow, mascara, blusher etc. But in fact cosmetics are not only mean to the things that only use for make-up but also shampoo, lotion or sunscreen. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) explains “Articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body… for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance.” (2014) The reason why people use makeups have different ways such as some people use for more confidence, some people use for protect the sunlight, and some people use for maintain their skin. However, there are a lot of people still worry about using the cosmetics since they believe that cosmetics are contained the dangerous chemicals that damage their body so they afraid of using them and try to avoid to use them. Although many people will be concerned that applying cosmetics may destroy their health, in fact, many experts have been confirmed that the use of cosmetic is not harmful to the human’s body. Moreover, cosmetics are also useful for users.
Www2.estrellamountain.edu, (2014). CHEMISTRY I: ATOMS AND MOLECULES. [online] Available at: http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookchem1.html [Accessed 20 May. 2014].
In its own way, it enhances the penetration of your toner, moisturizer and hyaluronic acid by sloughing off the dry, aged and dead skin cells on the surface.
It comes in different colors and elegance. Make a point of having one by purchasing during this 2015 Christmas collection whereby the prices are low and affordable .This powder can be applied on the cheeks, forehead or at the cleavage, to prevent shiny appearance after sweating.
My main aim during my undergraduate studies was to get an overview of the various fields in chemical engineering and identify a field of interest in which I could pursue my research career. Because of their vast applications, Materials & Polymer Sciences, in general, have attracted m...